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Honors World History 1 > Unit 5: Byzantine Empire > Flashcards

Unit 5: Byzantine Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened toward the end of the Roman Empire? (Constantine made a new city called ____________.)

A

Constantine moved the capital from Rome to a new city he called Constantinople.

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2
Q

Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople because it was closer too…

A

hotspots of Christianity

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3
Q

Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople because it was located at an…

A

ideal place of trade

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4
Q

Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople because it was easily

A

defended

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5
Q

Constantinople was the eastern portion of the Roman Empire and…

A

it was the empire toward the end.

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6
Q

What had Constantine hoped to do to Constantinople?

A

Constantine had hoped to build up Constantinople to the same grandeur that Rome had held through most of its history.

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7
Q

How long would Constantinople remain?

A

Until 1453, then Constantinople would fall.

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8
Q

Who Ruled Constantinople?: What 2 things was the emperor head of?

A

Both Church and State.

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9
Q

Who Ruled Constantinople? - The Emperor respected Roman heritage. What did the emperor claim to have authority from? (Hint: Political _____ & _____)

A

The Emperor claimed to have authority from two sources: Political power of a Roman ruler (absolute power) and a new apostle in the name of Jesus.

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10
Q

Who Ruled Constantinople?: What was the emperor’s power similar to?

A

The Pope, who had political and religious authority in one person.

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11
Q

Who Ruled Constantinople?: What did the Byzantines still consider themselves to be?

A

The Byzantines still considered themselves to be the rightful rulers of the land had been a part of the original Roman Empire.

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12
Q

Roman Empire: 100 years after Rome was taken, what did 1 man set out to do?

A

To try and re-conquer all of the western lands of the Roman Empire that had been lost.

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13
Q

Justinian: (527-565) Who gave conflicting reports about how his reign went?

A

Procopius, some parts made him sound thoughtful, while others made him sound deceitful. But regardless, Justinian proved to be an able and ambitious ruler.

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14
Q

Justinian: Who was he helped by?

A

Justinian was helped by his wide Theodora, who played an important role in her husband’s reign. She came from a sketchy background but rose up to shape the way the empire moved forward.

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15
Q

The Projects of Justinian: Reconquering the lands in the West began very successfully. What did Belisarius do in 533?

A

Belisarius defeated the Vandals in North Africa.

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16
Q

The Projects of Justinian: What happened in 536? (Hint: Ostrogoths) What was Belisarius given?

A

Rome was liberated from the Ostrogoths. Belisarius was given a hero’s welcome as the “city’s liberator.”

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17
Q

The Projects of Justinian: What did the Ostrogoths do in 533?

A

The Ostrogoths invaded Rome again, Byzantines reclaimed control.

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18
Q

The Projects of Justinian: Ended in Failure: What happened to Rome?

A

Rome was in ruins, statues had fallen, there was no running water and the population was down to 40,000 people.

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19
Q

The Projects of Justinian: Ended in Failure: What did the Byzantines do? (Hint: It ended in failure.)

A

The Byzantines came to save Rome and ended up destroying it.

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20
Q

The Projects of Justinian: Justinian also began building projects throughout Constantinople too. What was the New Cathedral?

A

The Hagia Sofia. Which means the Church of the Holy Wisdom. It contained various arches, piers, domes, mosaics, and colored marble.

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21
Q

The Projects of Justinian: The was dedicated in 537. What did Justinian compare it to?

A

Justinian compared it to the Temple in Jerusalem.

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22
Q

The Projects of Justinian - Codification of Roman Laws: This was by far Justinian’s most important achievement. What did he do to Greek and Latin scholars?

A

He committed Greek and Latin scholars from 528-534 (6 years) to work on the project.

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23
Q

The Projects of Justinian - Codification of Roman Laws: He codified all Roman laws and legal opinions since Hadrian. Why was this important?

A

People throughout the empire were beginning to follow different laws, which caused obvious problems. Justinian wanted to solve this issues.

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24
Q

The Projects of Justinian - Codification of Roman Laws: What was the result of codifying the laws?

A

The Corpus Juris Civilis (aka: Code of Justinian) was created. This word meant “Body of Civil Law.”

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25
Q

Code of Justinian: It was made up of 4 parts. What was the Codex? (Hint: ____ laws that are still ______…)

A

Roughly 5,000 laws that were still useful in Constantinople. They were organized by topic.

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26
Q

Code of Justinian: What was the digest? (Hint: Quotes and _________ of the _______ of Rome’s…)

A

Quotes and summaries of the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal writers. It was made up of 50 volumes.

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27
Q

Code of Justinian: What was the Institues? (Hint: how to use the code)

A

A textbook that explained to law students how to use the new code.

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28
Q

Code of Justinian: What was the Novellae?

A

Laws made after 534.

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29
Q

Nika Revolt: What were the two sides involved?

A

The Greens (Commoners) and the Blues (Rich)

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30
Q

Nika Revolt: Gathered to watch chariot races, but in 534 A.D., riotous fighting broke out. Who were these violent faiths actually directed at? Why?

A

These fights were actually directed at Justinian because of the high taxes generated from all of his building projects.

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31
Q

Nika Revolt: What happened to Constantinople? What did the people do? What did Justinian want to do? What did he do instead? Why?

A

During the revolt, much of Constantinople was burned and the people even gathered to name a new emperor. Justinian wanted to run, but Theodora convinced him to stay.

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32
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: Heraclius (took the throne in 610 A.D.) was the next important ruler following Justinian. What did he establish?

A

He established a new Byzantine Dynasty.

33
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What was Heraclius forced to do instead of focusing on the area around Italy?

A

Heraclius was forced to fight the Persians in the East.

34
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: These wars were devastating to both sides. What was one of the major causes for fighting between these 2 groups?

A

That the Persians had taken many of the important relics.

35
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What was the relic that’s everyone was desperate to get back?

A

Pieces of wood form the cross that Jesus did on called the “True Cross.”

36
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What was Heraclius finally able to do in 627?

A

Capture the “True Cross” relic and return it to Constantinople.

37
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What happened to the Persian and the Byzantine armies because of the wars?

A

Both armies were left under-prepared for the threat that the Arab armies would present.

38
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What did the Muslims soon do? (Hint: cut off from)

A

The Muslims soon attacked the Byzantines and had the Empire cut off from trade.

39
Q

Dynasty of Heraclius: What was one of the only ways that the Byzantines were able to finally defeat the Muslims?

A

By Using Greek Fire

40
Q

Leo III (718 A.D.) - When Leo III took the throne, he was able to restore order in the empire. How did he do this? (Hint: He reorganized ________ & gave…)

A

He reorganized the districts making larger ones small and he gave some control to the local commanders.

41
Q

Leo III (718 A.D.) - What was he able to do in spite of the Muslims attacking Constantinople a few more times?

A

He was able to defend the city and empire, restoring order for a few years.

42
Q

Constantine VI and Empress Irene - In 780, Constantine took the throne as a 10 year old boy. What did his mother (Empress Irene) do?

A

His mother rules in his name until he was able.

43
Q

Constantine VI and Empress Irene - With the help of the army, Constantine took the throne from his mother in 790. But what did Empress Irene do?

A

She continued to fight for the throne.

44
Q

Constantine VI and Empress Irene - How long did Constantine VI and Empress Irene struggle for? What then did Empress Irene do? What happened to Empress Irene as a result of all this?

A

They struggled for 7 years until finally Empress Irene overthrew her son, had him blinded, and thrown in prison. She then ruled for the next 5 years before she was sent into exile.

45
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - During this time, the Empire enjoyed a period of prosperity. What were the Byzantine armies able to reconquer from the Muslims?

A

They were able to re-conquer Syria, Armenia, Cyprus, and Crete.

46
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - Who was the most important man to rule at this time? What was he known as? Why was be known as this?

A

The most important man to rule at this time was Basil II. He was known as the “Slayer of the Bulgars” for defeating them in 1004 A.D.

47
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - Basil II helped bring Byzantine culture and influence into Russia. How did he do this?

A

He did this by winning over Vladimir, the ruler of Kiev.

48
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - Why did Vladimir reject Islam?

A

Because Islam did not permit the drinking of alcohol.

49
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - What was the reason the Russians as a whole accepted the Byzantines?

A

They wanted no part of taking orders or commands from Rome, so the Byzantines were the obvious choice.

50
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - It was critical for the improvement/growth of the cities to have a solid agricultural foundation. What had Egypt done most of?

A

Egypt had done most of the farming and provided grain.

51
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - What happened once the Muslims took over in Egypt?

A

Most of the food came from Asia’s minor.

52
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - What did Serfs do?

A

Serfs worked land owned by a noble or the Church and provided food so the landowners could live in the luxury of the cities.

53
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - Byzantine scholars studied the works of ancient Greeks and Romans. What did educated men now do?

A

They wrote in books instead of schools. This allowed their work to be better preserved for history.

54
Q

Macedonian Dynasty (867 - 1025 AD) - Many people across the upper class were literate. How were boys and girls educated?

A

Boys were educated either by an individual tutor or in schools. Girls were usually trained at home, but a few would go to converts and learn to read and write there.

55
Q

Breakup of the Church - People living in Constantinople spent hours debating and discussing religion and how it applied to their lives. What did Justinian do about membership in the church?

A

Justinian made membership in the church mandatory. He combined various controversies that plagued the Church.

56
Q

Breakup of the Church - What was monophysitism? Who was a believer in this? What was this case declared?

A

Monophysitism is the belief that Jesus only has divine nature, not both human and divine. Theodor was a believer in this. This belief was declared a heresy.

57
Q

The Case of the Icons - 700s Emperors tried to ban use of the icons in churches. Why was this?

A

People prayed to these as if they were idols. They were seen as being against the Bible. Riots and fights broke out.

58
Q

The Case of the Icons - There were Icon worshippers and ___________ (____ ________)

A

Iconoclasts (Icon smashers)

59
Q

The Case of the Icons - Meanwhile in Rome… Who sided with those who supported icons? Why?

A

The Pope sided with those who supported icons. He believed that icons helped spread the Gospel, and were not used as a means of worship. Many people in the Western portion of the Empire at the time were illiterate, so icons served as a good teaching tool.

60
Q

The Case of the Icons - Meanwhile in Rome… What did the Pope do to Leo III?

A

The Pope excommunicated the Byzantine Emperor Leo III for his actions.

61
Q

The Case of the Icons - In the years ahead, what did the Byzantine Church do?

A

The Byzantine Church once again accepted the icons… iconoclasts (icon smashers) were heretics!! However, strains between the Eastern and Western churches still remained and the controversy left bad feelings on both sides. Differences became apparent as time went on and the two portions of the Empire remained apart.

62
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - What language are the church services in the West (Rome) done in?

A

Latin

63
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - Who is the head of the church in the West (Rome)?

A

The Pope

64
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - Are the priests allowed to marry in the West (Rome)?

A

Priests are NOT allowed to marry. They still aren’t today.

65
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - What language were the church services done in the East (Constantinople)?

A

The Language of the people. (Vernacular = Greek)

66
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - Who is the leader of the church in the East (Constantinople)?

A

The Bishop of Constantinople.

67
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - Are priests allowed to marry in the East (Constantinople)?

A

Priests are allowed to marry.

68
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - The controversies led to a meeting between the Patriarch and Papal representatives. What is the end resolution of the meetings?

A

The Patriarch and Pope excommunicated one another in 1054.

69
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - What is the church in the West now called after this excommunication?

A

West: Roman Catholic Church (Catholic: Universal)

70
Q

The Final Break: “The Great Schism” - What is the church in the East now called after this excommunication?

A

East: Earth Orthodox Church (Orthodox: Correct Belief). Political break of the old Roman Empire became a religious break too.

71
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Plague of Justinian - What happened in the mid 500’s?

A

Rats brought a plague from either India or Egypt, to Constantinople.

72
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Plague of Justinian - How many people a day did the plague kill at its height?

A

Up to 5,000-10,000 people a day. By 700 A.D., the disease had died down, but many in the Byzantine population had perished.

73
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: Invasions of the Empire - What sides did the Byzantines face attacks from? (Hint: W - L N- A, S, B E - P)

A

West: Lombards
North: Avars, Slavs, Bulgars
East: Persians

74
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Decline of the Empire - How long did the decline last?

A

The Empire went into decline during the 11th Century, which lasted about 400 years.

75
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Decline of the Empire - What was there rebellion against? What did Constantinople face competition from?

A

There was rebellion against the central government. Constantinople faced competition from other trading centers (Venice).

76
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Decline of the Empire - Advancing armies of the Seljuk Turks (1050-1100) and the Ottoman Turks (1300-1400). What were the Ottoman Turks the first to use?

A

The Ottoman Turks were the first to use a cannon in battle. The troops were rallied by a call for Jihad or Holy War.

77
Q

The fall of Constantinople: Defense!!!! - What 4 things did the Byzantines try to do to fend off invaders?

A

Bribes, Diplomacy, Arranged Marriage, and Military Force.

78
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Final Fall - After various attempts ultimately won out, what happened to the empire?

A

The empire grew smaller due to numerous invasions.

79
Q

The Fall of Constantinople: The Final Fall - Who was the City of Constantinople taken over by?

A

The City of Constantinople itself was taken over by Mohammad II (or Mehmet II) and the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Honors World History 1 (8 decks)

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