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Anatomy And Physiology 219 > Unit 7: Ocular Disorders > Flashcards

Unit 7: Ocular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Glands of Zeis or Moll

A

Glands at the base of the eyelash that release oil

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2
Q

Hordeolum

A

Staphylococcus Infection of meibomian gland or glands of Zeis or Moll

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3
Q

Treatment of hordeolum

A

-Hot compress
-Oral antibiotic medication

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4
Q

Chalazion

A

Chronic inflammation in obstructed meibomian gland

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5
Q

Treatment for chalazion

A

-Surgical excision
-Corticosteroid injection
-Kenalog-10

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6
Q

Entropion

A

Eyelid margin turned inward

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7
Q

Ectropion

A

Eyelid margin turned outward

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8
Q

Dermatochalasis

A

Excessive eyelid skin, may impact visual field

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9
Q

Kinds of conjunctivitis

A

-Bacterial
-Viral
-Allergic
-Fungal
-Parasitic

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10
Q

Characteristics of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

-Bilateral
-Yellow discharge
-Sticky eyelids

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11
Q

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

-Topical antibiotics
-Oral antibiotics

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12
Q

Characteristics of viral conjunctivitis

A

-Unilateral initially
-Tender preauricular node
-Red watery eye

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13
Q

Treatment for viral conjunctivitis

A

-Wait for it to resolve on its own
-Steroids or antivirals

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14
Q

Characteristics of hay fever (Allergic conjunctivitis)

A

-Lacrimation
-Hyperaemia
-Chemosis (swelling)

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15
Q

Treatments for hay fever (Allergic conjunctivitis)

A

-Antihistamines
-Mast cell stabilizers
-NSAIDs
-Cold compresses
-Artificial tears

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16
Q

Characteristics of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A

-Affects upper eyelid due to deposits on contact lenses
-Large cobblestone papillae
-Contact lens discomfort

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17
Q

Treatment of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A

-Change the lenses more often
-Change cleaning system
-Possible mild steroid drop

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18
Q

Pinguecula

A

A yellow bump that’s more common on nasal conjunctiva

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19
Q

Pterygium

A

A fibrous plate caused by a growth of pinguecula into the cornea
-Can impact vision

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20
Q

Characteristics of subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

-Rupture of small conjunctival blood vessel
-Maybe caused by coughing, waiting lifting, blood thinners
-blood spreads out under conjunctiva

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21
Q

Treatment for subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Will resolve over weeks

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22
Q

Characteristics of conjunctival nevus

A

-Benign, pigmented lesion
-Unilateral
-Yellow or brown

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23
Q

Treatment for conjunctival nevus

A

Monitor for changes

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24
Q

Bacterial or fungal keratitis

A

-Inflammation of cornea associated with infection
-Open sore on cornea
-Hypopyon (White blood cells in anterior chamber)

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25
Q

Treatment for bacterial or fungal keratitis

A

Topical or oral anti-infectives

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26
Q

Characteristics of viral keratitis

A

-Dendritic ulcer (linear branching pattern with terminal bulbs)

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27
Q

EKC

A

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
-Very contagious

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28
Q

Corneal ectasia

A

Cornea becomes excessively thin and weak, unable to hold the normal eye pressure and starts bulging out

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29
Q

Characteristics of keratoconus

A

-Irregular astigmatism
-Stromal thinning
-Cone shaped cornea
-Munson’s sign

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30
Q

Munson’s sign

A

When patient looks down, corneal con pushes the lower eyelid outwards in a V

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31
Q

Treatment for keratoconus

A

-Specialty contact lenses
-Surgery like corneal cross-linking and corneal transplant

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32
Q

Arcus senilis

A

Benign peripheral corneal degeneration, Usually in elderly
-Check cholesterol

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33
Q

Characteristics of corneal dystrophy

A

-Inherited
-Bilateral and symmetric
-Deposits or altered corneal tissue

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34
Q

Treatment for corneal dystrophy

A

-Depends on type and vision effect
-Corneal transplant

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35
Q

Recurrent corneal erosion characteristics

A

-section of corneal epithelium detaches And then it keeps doing that
-Severe pain

36
Q

Recurrent corneal erosion treatment

A

-Pressure patch
-Bandage contact lens
-Ointment and artificial tears

37
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

-Swelling of the outer portion of the upper lid
-Accompanied by pain and swelling, Tearing or discharge

38
Q

Treatment for dacryoadenitis

A

Oral antibiotics

39
Q

Characteristics of Nasolacrimal sac obstruction

A

-Membrane over valve of Hasner (bottom)
-Common in babies

40
Q

Characteristics of anterior uveitis (iritis)

A

-Inflammation
-keratic precipitates
-Auto immune disease (JRA)
-White blood cells and inflammatory debris

41
Q

Treatment of anterior uveitis (iritis)

A

-Corticosteroids
-Cycloplegic and mydriatic drops

42
Q

Characteristics of uveal melanoma

A

-Malignant lesion
-Arise from melanocytes
-Affects iris ciliary body and choroid
-Is not always pigmented


43
Q

Treatment of uveal melanoma

A

-Radiation therapy
-Enucleation (Complete removal of eye)

44
Q

Characteristics of episcleritis

A

-Inflammation of episclera (Thin layer over sclera)
-Bright red

45
Q

Characteristics of scleritis

A

-Inflammation (diffuse, nodular or necrotizing)
-Purpleish blue (Choroid visible through thinned areas)
-Deep boring pain

46
Q

Treatment of episcleritis and scleritis

A

-20% chance to resolve by itself
-Patient education or topical lubricants
-Corticosteroids (topical)

47
Q

Characteristics of cataracts

A

-Opacity in the lens
-Creates blur in vision

48
Q

Types of cataracts

A

-Age related (most common)
-Congenital (from birth)
-Trauma
-Drug induced

49
Q

Treatment for cataracts

A

-Monitoring
-Interocular lens replacement

50
Q

Characteristics of age related cataracts

A

Cloudiness hardening or yellowing of the lens nucleus (Nuclear sclerosis)

51
Q

Characteristics of cortical cataracts

A

-In cortex layer
-Appears like spokes on a bike wheel

52
Q

Treatment of vitreous floaters

A

-Monitor
-Not always of concern unless dramatic changes noted

53
Q

Characteristics of posterior vitreous detachment

A

-Vitreous Separates from the retina
-Occurs in older age
-May cause retinal tear

54
Q

Treatment of posterior vitreous detachment

A

-Dilate eye to evaluate retina
-Monitor for progression

55
Q

Weiss ring

A

Where the vitreous Has become detached from the retinal service

56
Q

What causes flashing lights (photopsia)

A

-Usually a manifestation of mechanical tugging on retina (vitreal or retinal detachment)
-Ocular migraines

57
Q

Schafer’s sign

A

-Tobacco dust
-May signify a retinal tear

58
Q

Characteristics of ocular hypertension

A

-Elevated IOP
-Presents without visual field defects or optic nerve damage

59
Q

Management of ocular hypertension

A

-Monitor intraocular pressure, visual fields, optic nerve

60
Q

Characteristics of primary open angle glaucoma

A

-Increased intraocular pressure
-Possible visual field defects (nasal step or arcurate defect)
-Increased cupping, indicative of optic disc damage

61
Q

Iridotomy

A

Laser cuts a hole in Iris to help drain aqueous

62
Q

Trabeculoplasty

A

Laser burns area in trabecular meshwork to open up drainage

63
Q

Intermittent angle closure

A

Some peoples angle closes in dark areas were pupil dilates for a period of time

64
Q

Pigmentary glaucoma

A

Loose pigment in the eye can plug up the drainage system leading to high interocular pressure

65
Q

Characteristics of optic nerve head drusen

A

-Calcium blobs on optic disc
-Visual field defects

66
Q

Characteristics of dry Age related macular degeneration

A

-No fluid or blood
-Drusen
-No new blood vessels

67
Q

Characteristics of wet age related macular degeneration

A

-Fluid or blood leaking
-Neovascularization
-More visual distortion
-Blood in macular region sits on retina and destroys cells

68
Q

What layer are drusen in

A

Between Bruchs membrane and the RPE

69
Q

Characteristics of both kinds of age related macular degeneration

A

-Drusen
-Macular atrophy
-Central vision defects

70
Q

Treatment for wet age related macular degeneration

A

-anti-VEGF treatments
-Avastin
-Lucentis (ranibizumab)

71
Q

Treatment for dry age related macular degeneration

A

-Vitamins
-AREDS and AREDS2
-Copper
-Zinc
-Lutein
-Zeaxanthin

72
Q

Characteristics of a retinal detachment

A

-A tear or break in retina
-Vitreous fluid goes behind the retina
-Retina peels off

73
Q

Management of retinal detachment

A

-Immediate treatment
-Surgery (cryotherapy, laser retinopexy, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle)

74
Q

Characteristics of lattice degeneration

A

-Retinal thinning
-White lines with pigmentation
-Highly myopic eyes

75
Q

Treatment of lattice degeneration

A

Monitor hole for formation

76
Q

Stargardt disease

A

-Macular dystrophy
-Genetic inheritance (Autosomal recessive)
-Before age 15
-Macular photo receptors are damaged, irregular flex in macular region

77
Q

Treatment for Stargardt disease

A

No treatment, vision rehabilitation helps make the most of it

78
Q

Congenital hyper trophy of retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)

A

-Benign
-Large RPE cells with melanin
-Clustered (bear tracks) unifocal


79
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

-Develops from early retinal cells
-Leukocoria (White pupil)
-Hereditary or non-hereditary
-Autosomal dominant

80
Q

Treatment for retinoblastoma

A

-Surgical removal of tumours
-If not possible may have to remove the eye (enucleation)

81
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

-Faulty Gene is in one of the autosomes
-One copy of a mutated gene from one parent can cause the genetic condition
-Child who has parent with mutated gene has a 50% chance of inheriting it

82
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

-Two copies of the faulty gene are required to cause disease
-For a child to be affected it needs to be contributed by both parents

83
Q

X-linked recessive

A

-Faulty gene is located on the X chromosome.
-Not present in females unless both X chromosomes have recessive gene

84
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

-Inherited from mother
-Can effect male or female


85
Q

Multigenetic

A

Many traits, such as height, weight, shapes of organs and structures, and skin color, are determined by multiple genes

86
Q

Characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa

A

-Degeneration of RPE
-Pale optic disc
-Narrowing of arteries
-Loss of peripheral vision

87
Q

Genetic inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa

A

-Autosomal dominant
-Autosomal recessive
-X-linked
-Mitochondrial

Anatomy And Physiology 219 (6 decks)

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