Unit 7: Ocular Disorders Flashcards
Glands of Zeis or Moll
Glands at the base of the eyelash that release oil
Hordeolum
Staphylococcus Infection of meibomian gland or glands of Zeis or Moll
Treatment of hordeolum
-Hot compress
-Oral antibiotic medication
Chalazion
Chronic inflammation in obstructed meibomian gland
Treatment for chalazion
-Surgical excision
-Corticosteroid injection
-Kenalog-10
Entropion
Eyelid margin turned inward
Ectropion
Eyelid margin turned outward
Dermatochalasis
Excessive eyelid skin, may impact visual field
Kinds of conjunctivitis
-Bacterial
-Viral
-Allergic
-Fungal
-Parasitic
Characteristics of bacterial conjunctivitis
-Bilateral
-Yellow discharge
-Sticky eyelids
Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
-Topical antibiotics
-Oral antibiotics
Characteristics of viral conjunctivitis
-Unilateral initially
-Tender preauricular node
-Red watery eye
Treatment for viral conjunctivitis
-Wait for it to resolve on its own
-Steroids or antivirals
Characteristics of hay fever (Allergic conjunctivitis)
-Lacrimation
-Hyperaemia
-Chemosis (swelling)
Treatments for hay fever (Allergic conjunctivitis)
-Antihistamines
-Mast cell stabilizers
-NSAIDs
-Cold compresses
-Artificial tears
Characteristics of giant papillary conjunctivitis
-Affects upper eyelid due to deposits on contact lenses
-Large cobblestone papillae
-Contact lens discomfort
Treatment of giant papillary conjunctivitis
-Change the lenses more often
-Change cleaning system
-Possible mild steroid drop
Pinguecula
A yellow bump that’s more common on nasal conjunctiva
Pterygium
A fibrous plate caused by a growth of pinguecula into the cornea
-Can impact vision
Characteristics of subconjunctival haemorrhage
-Rupture of small conjunctival blood vessel
-Maybe caused by coughing, waiting lifting, blood thinners
-blood spreads out under conjunctiva
Treatment for subconjunctival haemorrhage
Will resolve over weeks
Characteristics of conjunctival nevus
-Benign, pigmented lesion
-Unilateral
-Yellow or brown
Treatment for conjunctival nevus
Monitor for changes
Bacterial or fungal keratitis
-Inflammation of cornea associated with infection
-Open sore on cornea
-Hypopyon (White blood cells in anterior chamber)
Treatment for bacterial or fungal keratitis
Topical or oral anti-infectives
Characteristics of viral keratitis
-Dendritic ulcer (linear branching pattern with terminal bulbs)
EKC
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
-Very contagious
Corneal ectasia
Cornea becomes excessively thin and weak, unable to hold the normal eye pressure and starts bulging out
Characteristics of keratoconus
-Irregular astigmatism
-Stromal thinning
-Cone shaped cornea
-Munson’s sign
Munson’s sign
When patient looks down, corneal con pushes the lower eyelid outwards in a V
Treatment for keratoconus
-Specialty contact lenses
-Surgery like corneal cross-linking and corneal transplant
Arcus senilis
Benign peripheral corneal degeneration, Usually in elderly
-Check cholesterol
Characteristics of corneal dystrophy
-Inherited
-Bilateral and symmetric
-Deposits or altered corneal tissue
Treatment for corneal dystrophy
-Depends on type and vision effect
-Corneal transplant
Recurrent corneal erosion characteristics
-section of corneal epithelium detaches And then it keeps doing that
-Severe pain
Recurrent corneal erosion treatment
-Pressure patch
-Bandage contact lens
-Ointment and artificial tears
Dacryoadenitis
-Swelling of the outer portion of the upper lid
-Accompanied by pain and swelling, Tearing or discharge
Treatment for dacryoadenitis
Oral antibiotics
Characteristics of Nasolacrimal sac obstruction
-Membrane over valve of Hasner (bottom)
-Common in babies
Characteristics of anterior uveitis (iritis)
-Inflammation
-keratic precipitates
-Auto immune disease (JRA)
-White blood cells and inflammatory debris
Treatment of anterior uveitis (iritis)
-Corticosteroids
-Cycloplegic and mydriatic drops
Characteristics of uveal melanoma
-Malignant lesion
-Arise from melanocytes
-Affects iris ciliary body and choroid
-Is not always pigmented

Treatment of uveal melanoma
-Radiation therapy
-Enucleation (Complete removal of eye)
Characteristics of episcleritis
-Inflammation of episclera (Thin layer over sclera)
-Bright red
Characteristics of scleritis
-Inflammation (diffuse, nodular or necrotizing)
-Purpleish blue (Choroid visible through thinned areas)
-Deep boring pain
Treatment of episcleritis and scleritis
-20% chance to resolve by itself
-Patient education or topical lubricants
-Corticosteroids (topical)
Characteristics of cataracts
-Opacity in the lens
-Creates blur in vision
Types of cataracts
-Age related (most common)
-Congenital (from birth)
-Trauma
-Drug induced
Treatment for cataracts
-Monitoring
-Interocular lens replacement
Characteristics of age related cataracts
Cloudiness hardening or yellowing of the lens nucleus (Nuclear sclerosis)
Characteristics of cortical cataracts
-In cortex layer
-Appears like spokes on a bike wheel
Treatment of vitreous floaters
-Monitor
-Not always of concern unless dramatic changes noted
Characteristics of posterior vitreous detachment
-Vitreous Separates from the retina
-Occurs in older age
-May cause retinal tear
Treatment of posterior vitreous detachment
-Dilate eye to evaluate retina
-Monitor for progression
Weiss ring
Where the vitreous Has become detached from the retinal service
What causes flashing lights (photopsia)
-Usually a manifestation of mechanical tugging on retina (vitreal or retinal detachment)
-Ocular migraines
Schafer’s sign
-Tobacco dust
-May signify a retinal tear
Characteristics of ocular hypertension
-Elevated IOP
-Presents without visual field defects or optic nerve damage
Management of ocular hypertension
-Monitor intraocular pressure, visual fields, optic nerve
Characteristics of primary open angle glaucoma
-Increased intraocular pressure
-Possible visual field defects (nasal step or arcurate defect)
-Increased cupping, indicative of optic disc damage
Iridotomy
Laser cuts a hole in Iris to help drain aqueous
Trabeculoplasty
Laser burns area in trabecular meshwork to open up drainage
Intermittent angle closure
Some peoples angle closes in dark areas were pupil dilates for a period of time
Pigmentary glaucoma
Loose pigment in the eye can plug up the drainage system leading to high interocular pressure
Characteristics of optic nerve head drusen
-Calcium blobs on optic disc
-Visual field defects
Characteristics of dry Age related macular degeneration
-No fluid or blood
-Drusen
-No new blood vessels
Characteristics of wet age related macular degeneration
-Fluid or blood leaking
-Neovascularization
-More visual distortion
-Blood in macular region sits on retina and destroys cells
What layer are drusen in
Between Bruchs membrane and the RPE
Characteristics of both kinds of age related macular degeneration
-Drusen
-Macular atrophy
-Central vision defects
Treatment for wet age related macular degeneration
-anti-VEGF treatments
-Avastin
-Lucentis (ranibizumab)
Treatment for dry age related macular degeneration
-Vitamins
-AREDS and AREDS2
-Copper
-Zinc
-Lutein
-Zeaxanthin
Characteristics of a retinal detachment
-A tear or break in retina
-Vitreous fluid goes behind the retina
-Retina peels off
Management of retinal detachment
-Immediate treatment
-Surgery (cryotherapy, laser retinopexy, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle)
Characteristics of lattice degeneration
-Retinal thinning
-White lines with pigmentation
-Highly myopic eyes
Treatment of lattice degeneration
Monitor hole for formation
Stargardt disease
-Macular dystrophy
-Genetic inheritance (Autosomal recessive)
-Before age 15
-Macular photo receptors are damaged, irregular flex in macular region
Treatment for Stargardt disease
No treatment, vision rehabilitation helps make the most of it
Congenital hyper trophy of retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)
-Benign
-Large RPE cells with melanin
-Clustered (bear tracks) unifocal

Retinoblastoma
-Develops from early retinal cells
-Leukocoria (White pupil)
-Hereditary or non-hereditary
-Autosomal dominant
Treatment for retinoblastoma
-Surgical removal of tumours
-If not possible may have to remove the eye (enucleation)
Autosomal dominant
-Faulty Gene is in one of the autosomes
-One copy of a mutated gene from one parent can cause the genetic condition
-Child who has parent with mutated gene has a 50% chance of inheriting it
Autosomal recessive
-Two copies of the faulty gene are required to cause disease
-For a child to be affected it needs to be contributed by both parents
X-linked recessive
-Faulty gene is located on the X chromosome.
-Not present in females unless both X chromosomes have recessive gene
Mitochondrial inheritance
-Inherited from mother
-Can effect male or female

Multigenetic
Many traits, such as height, weight, shapes of organs and structures, and skin color, are determined by multiple genes
Characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa
-Degeneration of RPE
-Pale optic disc
-Narrowing of arteries
-Loss of peripheral vision
Genetic inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa
-Autosomal dominant
-Autosomal recessive
-X-linked
-Mitochondrial
