Unit 5: Visual Fields Flashcards
Scotoma
Area where vision is partially or fully reduced
Ipsilateral
Visual field defect on the same side as lesion
Contralateral
Visual field defect on opposite side of lesion
Homonymous
Affecting the same part of the visual field of each eye
Hemianopia
Half of visual field has defect
Injury on the right side of the brain would affect this visual field
Left visual field of each eye
Homonymous hemianopia
the same half of both eyes is affected
Quadrantanopia
Quarter of the visual field scotoma
Central defect
Scotoma in the centre of the visual field
Arcuate defect
Arc shaped defect extending towards the blind spot
Macular sparing may occur if lesion is here
-More anterior part of the brain
-More peripheral fibres(?)
Monocular horizontal field of view
150 Degrees
Monocular superior and inferior field of view
60 and 50 Degrees respectively
Binocular view covers how many degrees centrally
120
Reasons for visual field defects
-Trauma
-Systemic disease
-Eye diseases
Reasons for conducting a visual field analysis
-Ophthalmic problem
-Neurological problem
-Toxic medications
-Headaches
-Unexplained reduced visual acuity
-Abnormal pupils
-Abnormal EOM movements
-Proptosis
-Elevated IOP
Automated visual fields tests
-Humphrey Field analyzer
-Frequency doubling technology
-Octopus?
Manual visual field tests
-Confrontation
-Tangent screen
-Goldmann
-Amsler grid
Humphrey: 30–2
Central 30° with type two test points
-Used for general screening, early glaucoma and neurological conditions
-Measures 30° temporally and nasally
Humphrey: 24–2
Used for general screening, early glaucoma and neurological conditions
-(Is this the same as the 30–2 test but with different numbers?)
Humphrey: 10–2
More than five times as many points in the central 10° compared with the 24-2 and a 30–2
Esterman test
-Tests BINOCULAR vision
-Useful for drivers test

Frequency doubling technology
-Patients detect a square of flickering grating pattern
-High sensitivity
-Shorter testing time
-Doesn’t require 20/20 acuity
False positive
Patient is responding even if there’s no stimulus
-“trigger happy”
False negative
Patient should be able to see stimulus based on previous responses they’ve already given, but they don’t identify it.
Fixation loss
When the patient is looking around to catch stimuli instead of at central point
Glaucoma presents with this visual defect
-Nasal step early on
-Arcuate scotoma in more advanced cases
Retinitis pigmentosa presents with this visual defect
Restricted field or ring scotoma
Pituitary tumour presents with this visual defect
Bitemporal hemianopia
Stroke presents with this visual defect
Varies depending on region of brain impacted
Optic neuritis presents with this visual defect
Central scotoma typical but depends on where lesions are in the brain
-Associated with MS
Optic disc drusen presents with this visual defect
Variable but may be arcurate scotoma
