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Anatomy And Physiology 219 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vergence

A

The simultaneous movement of the pupils of the eyes during focusing

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2
Q

Optics

A

Light reaches the eye and we see

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3
Q

Christian Huygens

A

Proposed wave theory of light: lights comes in waves and spreads out in all directions.

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4
Q

Isaac Newton

A

-Corpuscular theory of light: light is emitted by tiny particles called corpuscles
-geometric nature of reflection could be explained if light were made from particles
-7 visible colours

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5
Q

James Clerk Maxwell

A

-Father of modern physics
-electromagnetic theory of light
-light waves have electrical and magnetic properties

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6
Q

Max Planck

A

Light waves travel as packages of energy called photons
-quantum theory

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7
Q

Albert Einstein

A

-light waves travel at a constant speed
-theory of relativity

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8
Q

Leon Foucault

A

Accurately determined speed of light

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9
Q

Wavelength, frequency, speed

A

Frequency=speed/wavelength
F=v/λ
Frequency is inversely related to wavelength

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10
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths: shortest-longest

A

Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible spectrum, Infrared, Microwaves, radio waves

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11
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths: longest to shortest

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, x-rays, gamma rays

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12
Q

Foot candle

A

Light from a single candle falling on a surface 1 foot away (1lumen/sq. ft.)

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13
Q

Lumen (luminous flux)

A

-Quantity of light emitted per second
-16 lumens per watt

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14
Q

Lux

A

1 lux is produced when 1 lumen is incident on one square meter area. 1 Lux is always 1 lumen/sq. m.
-1 lux = 10.764 lumens

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15
Q

Geometric optics

A

-Branch of optics dealing with light rays
-study of effect of mirrors and lenses on light rays

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16
Q

Real image

A

Point source on left, image on left

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17
Q

Virtual image

A

Point source on left, image on right

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18
Q

Concave mirrors

A

-Real, inverted, minified
-converging mirror

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19
Q

Convex mirror

A

-virtual, erect, minified
-diverging mirror

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20
Q

Refraction of light

A

Light moves from less dense material to more dense material and the shape bends. (Like a straw in a glass of water)

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21
Q

Index of refraction

A

N=speed of light in (medium 1)/ speed of light in (medium 2)
N=n1/n2

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22
Q

Snell’s law

A

(n1)sin(θ1)=(n2)sin(θ2)

Where n=refractive index of medium

And θ=angle of incidence(1) and refraction(2)

(The numbers here are not numbers but distinctions and should be in subscript)

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23
Q

Light bends toward ______ of prism

A

Base

24
Q

1 prism diopter will displace an image 1 __ at a distance of 1__
-express in equation form

A

-1cm at a distance of 1m
-P=C/D
Where P=prism power (PD)
C=displacement (in cm)
D=object distance from prism (in m)

25
Q

Convex and concave: positive or negative powers

A

Convex: + power
Concave: - power

26
Q

Converging lens

A

-plus power
-Focal point is behind convex lens

27
Q

Diverging lens

A

-minus power
-Focal point is in front of concave lens

28
Q

Vergence power

A

-measured in diopters (D)
-Reciprocal of the distance between a point of reference and the point of focus
-P=1/f
Where P=vergence power
f=distance (in m) from point of focus

29
Q

Distance of the OBJECT from the lens

A

U= 1/u
Where U= vergence of the object rays (D)
u=distance from lens (m)

30
Q

Distance of the IMAGE from the lens

A

V=1/v
Where V=vergence of the image (D)
v=distance (m)

31
Q

Image AND object vergence equation

A

V=U+P

32
Q

Image and object vergence: location of positive and negative figures

A

Positive: image is behind lens
Negative: image is in front of lens

33
Q

P=C/D

A

P=prism power (PD)
C=displacement (cm)
D=object distance from prism (m)

34
Q

P=1/f

A

P=vergence power (D)
f=distance from point of focus (m)

35
Q

U=1/u

A

U=vergence of the OBJECT rays (D)
u=distance (m)

36
Q

V=U+P

A

V=vergence of image
U=vergence of object rays
P=power of lens

37
Q

U=
V=
u=
v=

A

U=vergence of OBJECT rays
V=vergence of IMAGE RAYS
u=distance of the OBJECT from the lens
v=distance of the IMAGE from the lens

38
Q

Magnification

A

Image size/object size
OR
Image distance/object distance

39
Q

Plano

A

No sphere power

40
Q

Perscription transposition how to

A

Sph/cyl/ax
A B C
1)A+B
2)change sign of B
3) rotate axis

41
Q

Spherical equivalent

A

-A way to convert astigmatism prescription into just sphere for contact lenses
-if cylinder is less than 1

42
Q

How to determine spherical equivalent

A

-add half of the cylinder power to the sphere power
-remove cylinder and axis

43
Q

Refractive interfaces within the eye

A

Anterior cornea, posterior cornea, anterior lens, posterior lens

44
Q

Refractive power of the eye
-corneal power
-lens power

A

-total refractive power: 60D
-corneal power: 43D
-lens power: +15D to +20D

45
Q

The reduced or simplified eye (Gullstrand’s schematic)

A

-assumes all power occurs at the corneal interface
-is 58.60D
-is 22.6mm in length
-anterior focal point is 17mm in front of cornea
-nodal point is 5.6mm behind cornea

46
Q

Optical pathway

A

-retina
-optic nerve
-optic chiasm
-Lateral genticulate body (LGB)
-optic radiations
-visual cortex

47
Q

Emmetropia

A

The focal point for parallel rays coming into the eye is ON the retina (needs no correction)

48
Q

Ametropia

A

-refractive error is present
-myopia (short but forms a point) (eyeball is longer)
-hyperopia (long but forms a point)(eyeball is shorter)
-astigmatism (doesn’t form a particular point)

49
Q

Conoid of Sturm

A

Spherocylincrical lens produces two perpendicular focal lines
-circle of least confusion is the area closest to a sphere. Occurs midway between the lines. Best overall focus

50
Q

Aniseikonia

A

Unequal image size between eyes. If not corrected can cause lazy eyes. The better eye will get used and the worse eye will stop being used.

51
Q

Anisometropia

A

Unequal refractive powers between eyes.

52
Q

Antimetropia

A

Eyes are positive and negative

53
Q

Accommodation

A

Eye changes it’s power to focus on near objects. Ciliary muscle contracts to cause increased power of eye’s lens.

54
Q

Amplitude of accommodation

A

Measured in Diopters. Gradually decreases with age. Lens becomes less flexible.

55
Q

Donder’s table

A

Age: 10 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70.
Acom: 14 10. 7 4.5 2.5 1 0.25

56
Q

Accommodative conditions

A

Presbyopia- loss of accommodation with aging
Latent hyperopia- amount of hyperopia that can be overcome with accommodation.

Anatomy And Physiology 219 (6 decks)

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