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Anatomy And Physiology 219 > Unit 4: Microbiology > Flashcards

Unit 4: Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

-The study of microorganisms
-Activity
-Structure
-Metabolism
-Identification

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2
Q

Microbiology pathogens

A

– Bacteria
– fungus
– protozoa
– helminths
– virus
– prions

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus
Bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

– Fungus
– protozoa
– helminths


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5
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

-Spherical
-Come singular, in clusters, chains, or pairs
-Single celled organisms that produce by cell division

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6
Q

Why are disease is caused by fungus protozoa and helminths hard to treat?

A

Because agents that kill these organisms are highly toxic to human cells

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7
Q

Binomial naming system consists of:

A

-Genus (Always capitalized)
-species (Never capitalized)

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8
Q

Gram-positive bacteria are

A

Purple
-Have a thick layer that prevents them from losing the initial purple dye

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9
Q

Gram-negative bacteria are

A

Pink or red

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10
Q

Selective growth media

A

Grow a specific organism

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11
Q

Differential growth media

A

Contains specific ingredients to distinguish between closely-related organisms

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12
Q

Enriched growth media

A

Additional nutrients support the growth of a range of organisms

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13
Q

Transport growth media

A

Purpose is to keep organisms alive during transport for testing

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14
Q

Blood agar type and use

A

-Enriched and differential
-Supports growth of most bacteria
-Differentiates between haemolytic and non-hemolytic organisms
-Not best for Neisseria gonorrhoea

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15
Q

Sabouraud agar type and use

A

-Selective
-Inhibits most bacteria, encourages growth of fungi

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16
Q

Chocolate agar type and use

A

-Enriched
-Supports the growth of fastidious microorganisms particularly haemophilus and neisseria

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17
Q

Thayer-Martin Type and use

A

-Selective
-This is a chocolate agar made selective by the addition of antibiotics
-Useful for isolating Hemophilus and Neisseria

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18
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar type and use

A

-Selective
-Supports the growth of mycobacterium

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19
Q

Thioglycolate broth Type and use

A

-Enriched And differential
-Determines the oxygen requirements of an organism
-Differentiates between the various types of oxygen requirements

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20
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Can be harmed by oxygen

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22
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Grow throughout Thioglycolate broth

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23
Q

Culture or test for Cocci Bacteria

A

-Gram staining
-Blood agar (doesn’t grow Neisseria Gonorrhoea)
-Chocolate agar (for Neisseria)
-Thayer-Martin agar (Also for Neisseria)

24
Q

Examples of cocci bacteria that cause ophthalmic infections

A

-Staphylococcus aureus
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Neisseria gonorrhoea

25
Bacilli bacteria
-Rod shaped in single units or clustered in chains -May be aerobic or anaerobic -Gram-positive or gram-negative based on their cell wall structure -Single celled organisms that reproduce by cell division
26
Bacilli culture or test
-Gram staining -Blood agar (Grows most bacteria but not Hemophilus) -Chocolate agar (grows Hemophilus) -MacConkey agar
27
MacConkey agar type and use
-Selective and differential -Differentiates based on lactose fermentation -Used for isolated gram-negative enteric bacilli Like pseudomonas And E. coli
28
Examples of bacilli that cause ophthalmic infections
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacterial conjunctivitis) -Haemophilus influenzae (Bacterial keratitis)
29
Viruses
-String of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat -Very tiny -Can only reproduce if they infect a cell because they utilize the structures in their host to reproduce
30
Culture or test for viruses
-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for viral nucleic acids -Antibody tests
31
Examples of viruses that cause ophthalmic infections
-Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) -Herpes simplex virus (HSV) -Varicella-zoster virus (VSV)
32
Protozoa
-Eucaryotic unicellular organisms -Size varies from 5 µm to 1 mm -May become encysted for further protection -Often transmitted by contaminated food, water or insect bites
33
Culture or test for protozoa
-Microscopic evaluation -Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) To detect antibodies
34
Examples of protozoa that caused ophthalmic infections
-Acanthamoeba (In swimming Pool’s are hot tubs. Risk for contact lens wearers) -Toxoplasma gondii
35
Fungi
-Larger than bacteria -Contain multiple chromosomes -Commonly known as moulds or yeasts -Develop and disperse spores
36
Culture or test for fungi
-Blood agar for fungi growth -Sabouraud’s media for fungi growth -Calcofluor white stain for fungi or yeast
37
Examples of fungal ophthalmic infections
-Aspergillus -Fusarium
38
Gram stain procedure
-Stain with Crystal Violet -Treat with iodine -Treat with decolorizing alcohol -Add red counterstain 
39
Staphylococcus aureus
-Gram-positive -Most common staph species on skin -Eye infections include -Blepharitis -chalazion -Meibomitis -Staff marginal ulcers
40
Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Gram-positive -causes Dacryocystitis (Inflammation or infection of the lacrimal sac)
41
Neisseriaceae
Gram-negative -Bean-shaped diplococci -Preference for mucous membranes -Can invade intact tissue
42
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-Causative agent of gonorrhoea -Severe and damaging conjunctivitis
43
Proprionibacterium acnes
Gram-positive -Non-spore forming anaerobe -Produces toxins causing inflammation of acne -Live on adult skin and conjunctiva
44
Clostridium botulinum
-Gram-positive -Neurotoxin -Spore forming anaerobic
45
Bacillus anthracis
Gram-positive -Spore forming -Causative of anthrax -Spores allow organisms to survive in extremely hostile environments
46
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram-negative -Anaerobic -Lives in watery environments -Thrives in lens cases
47
Hemophilus influenza
-Gram-negative -Childhood Eye infections and orbital cellulitis
48
Fungi
-Eucaryotic organisms -Yeast, moulds and macroscopic fungi -Generate and disperse spores to reproduce
49
Aspergillus
-Obligate aerobes -Abundant in soil and plant material -Can cause traumatic keratitis and corneal ulcer
50
Candida albicans
-Aerobic or facultative anaerobe -Can cause -Keratitis -Pre-existing ocular surface disorder or defect -Diabetic or immunocompromised patient -Bloodstream infection can cross into the eye causing endogenous endopthalmitis 
51
Protozoa
-Eucaryotic unicellular organisms -Can exist in food and water or insect bites
52
Acanthamoeba species
-Free living amoeba -In soil and freshwater
53
Acanthamoebic keratitis
-Serious corneal infection -Difficult to treat -Don’t put your contact lenses in water, ever
54
Toxoplasma Gondii
-Causative agent for toxoplasma chorioretinitis -Single celled parasite -Causes inflammatory retinal response. Blinding if located in macula. -Lives in intestinal tract of cats -Transmission via fecal-oral
55
Molluscum contagiosum
-Viral eyelid warts
56
Adenoviruses
-Upper respiratory viruses -Viral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis

Anatomy And Physiology 219 (6 decks)

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