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Anatomy And Physiology 219 > Unit 4: Microbiology > Flashcards

Unit 4: Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

-The study of microorganisms
-Activity
-Structure
-Metabolism
-Identification

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2
Q

Microbiology pathogens

A

– Bacteria
– fungus
– protozoa
– helminths
– virus
– prions

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus
Bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

– Fungus
– protozoa
– helminths


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5
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

-Spherical
-Come singular, in clusters, chains, or pairs
-Single celled organisms that produce by cell division

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6
Q

Why are disease is caused by fungus protozoa and helminths hard to treat?

A

Because agents that kill these organisms are highly toxic to human cells

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7
Q

Binomial naming system consists of:

A

-Genus (Always capitalized)
-species (Never capitalized)

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8
Q

Gram-positive bacteria are

A

Purple
-Have a thick layer that prevents them from losing the initial purple dye

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9
Q

Gram-negative bacteria are

A

Pink or red

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10
Q

Selective growth media

A

Grow a specific organism

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11
Q

Differential growth media

A

Contains specific ingredients to distinguish between closely-related organisms

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12
Q

Enriched growth media

A

Additional nutrients support the growth of a range of organisms

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13
Q

Transport growth media

A

Purpose is to keep organisms alive during transport for testing

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14
Q

Blood agar type and use

A

-Enriched and differential
-Supports growth of most bacteria
-Differentiates between haemolytic and non-hemolytic organisms
-Not best for Neisseria gonorrhoea

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15
Q

Sabouraud agar type and use

A

-Selective
-Inhibits most bacteria, encourages growth of fungi

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16
Q

Chocolate agar type and use

A

-Enriched
-Supports the growth of fastidious microorganisms particularly haemophilus and neisseria

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17
Q

Thayer-Martin Type and use

A

-Selective
-This is a chocolate agar made selective by the addition of antibiotics
-Useful for isolating Hemophilus and Neisseria

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18
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar type and use

A

-Selective
-Supports the growth of mycobacterium

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19
Q

Thioglycolate broth Type and use

A

-Enriched And differential
-Determines the oxygen requirements of an organism
-Differentiates between the various types of oxygen requirements

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20
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Can be harmed by oxygen

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22
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Grow throughout Thioglycolate broth

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23
Q

Culture or test for Cocci Bacteria

A

-Gram staining
-Blood agar (doesn’t grow Neisseria Gonorrhoea)
-Chocolate agar (for Neisseria)
-Thayer-Martin agar (Also for Neisseria)

24
Q

Examples of cocci bacteria that cause ophthalmic infections

A

-Staphylococcus aureus
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Neisseria gonorrhoea

25
Q

Bacilli bacteria

A

-Rod shaped in single units or clustered in chains
-May be aerobic or anaerobic
-Gram-positive or gram-negative based on their cell wall structure
-Single celled organisms that reproduce by cell division

26
Q

Bacilli culture or test

A

-Gram staining
-Blood agar (Grows most bacteria but not Hemophilus)
-Chocolate agar (grows Hemophilus)
-MacConkey agar

27
Q

MacConkey agar type and use

A

-Selective and differential
-Differentiates based on lactose fermentation
-Used for isolated gram-negative enteric bacilli Like pseudomonas And E. coli

28
Q

Examples of bacilli that cause ophthalmic infections

A

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacterial conjunctivitis)
-Haemophilus influenzae (Bacterial keratitis)

29
Q

Viruses

A

-String of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
-Very tiny
-Can only reproduce if they infect a cell because they utilize the structures in their host to reproduce

30
Q

Culture or test for viruses

A

-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for viral nucleic acids
-Antibody tests

31
Q

Examples of viruses that cause ophthalmic infections

A

-Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)
-Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
-Varicella-zoster virus (VSV)

32
Q

Protozoa

A

-Eucaryotic unicellular organisms
-Size varies from 5 µm to 1 mm
-May become encysted for further protection
-Often transmitted by contaminated food, water or insect bites

33
Q

Culture or test for protozoa

A

-Microscopic evaluation
-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) To detect antibodies

34
Q

Examples of protozoa that caused ophthalmic infections

A

-Acanthamoeba (In swimming Pool’s are hot tubs. Risk for contact lens wearers)
-Toxoplasma gondii

35
Q

Fungi

A

-Larger than bacteria
-Contain multiple chromosomes
-Commonly known as moulds or yeasts
-Develop and disperse spores

36
Q

Culture or test for fungi

A

-Blood agar for fungi growth
-Sabouraud’s media for fungi growth
-Calcofluor white stain for fungi or yeast

37
Q

Examples of fungal ophthalmic infections

A

-Aspergillus
-Fusarium

38
Q

Gram stain procedure

A

-Stain with Crystal Violet
-Treat with iodine
-Treat with decolorizing alcohol
-Add red counterstain



39
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

-Gram-positive
-Most common staph species on skin
-Eye infections include
-Blepharitis
-chalazion
-Meibomitis
-Staff marginal ulcers

40
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

-Gram-positive
-causes Dacryocystitis (Inflammation or infection of the lacrimal sac)

41
Q

Neisseriaceae

A

Gram-negative
-Bean-shaped diplococci
-Preference for mucous membranes
-Can invade intact tissue

42
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

-Causative agent of gonorrhoea
-Severe and damaging conjunctivitis

43
Q

Proprionibacterium acnes

A

Gram-positive
-Non-spore forming anaerobe
-Produces toxins causing inflammation of acne
-Live on adult skin and conjunctiva

44
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

-Gram-positive
-Neurotoxin
-Spore forming anaerobic

45
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Gram-positive
-Spore forming
-Causative of anthrax
-Spores allow organisms to survive in extremely hostile environments

46
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram-negative
-Anaerobic
-Lives in watery environments
-Thrives in lens cases

47
Q

Hemophilus influenza

A

-Gram-negative
-Childhood Eye infections and orbital cellulitis

48
Q

Fungi

A

-Eucaryotic organisms
-Yeast, moulds and macroscopic fungi
-Generate and disperse spores to reproduce

49
Q

Aspergillus

A

-Obligate aerobes
-Abundant in soil and plant material
-Can cause traumatic keratitis and corneal ulcer

50
Q

Candida albicans

A

-Aerobic or facultative anaerobe
-Can cause
-Keratitis
-Pre-existing ocular surface disorder or defect
-Diabetic or immunocompromised patient
-Bloodstream infection can cross into the eye causing endogenous endopthalmitis


51
Q

Protozoa

A

-Eucaryotic unicellular organisms
-Can exist in food and water or insect bites

52
Q

Acanthamoeba species

A

-Free living amoeba
-In soil and freshwater

53
Q

Acanthamoebic keratitis

A

-Serious corneal infection
-Difficult to treat
-Don’t put your contact lenses in water, ever

54
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

-Causative agent for toxoplasma chorioretinitis
-Single celled parasite
-Causes inflammatory retinal response. Blinding if located in macula.
-Lives in intestinal tract of cats
-Transmission via fecal-oral

55
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

-Viral eyelid warts

56
Q

Adenoviruses

A

-Upper respiratory viruses
-Viral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis

Anatomy And Physiology 219 (6 decks)

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