Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards
motivation
need/desire that energizes and direct behavior towards a goal
5 theories:
evolutionary
drive-reduction
incentive
arousal
hierarchy
instinct
complex unlearned behavior rigidly patterned throughout species
physiological need
basic bodily requirement
evolutionary/instinct theory of motivation
genetic basis for motive is species-typical behavior
ex: bird building spec kind of nest
gosling imprinting
infant reflexes
WEAKNESS: doesn’t cover physio+psycho needs
drive-reduction theory of motivation (behaviorist)
lack of homeostasis –> need –> drive (state of unpleasant tension/arousal caused by need) –> motivation to engage in drive reducing behavior
ex:
increased tolerance to drug –> need for calm feeling of drug -> withdrawal = drive –> use drug to assuage need
incentive theory of motivation (behaviorist)
we are pulled by incentives (reward/punishment) to engage in certain behavior
ex:
no studying = bad grade. motivates us to study
How do the drive-reduction and incentive theories connect to the law of effect?
DR: if homeostasis achieved by DR behav, it’ll be repeated
incentive: if rewarded, behavior repeated. if punished, behavior decreases
over justification effect
in incentive theory, when expected external incentive such as $/prizes «_space;intrinsic motivation to complete task (proved through marker study)
arousal theory
motivation aims to seek optimum level of arousal
our need to maintain it motivates behaviors that meet no physio need but rather 4 stimulation/information
ex:
well-fed animals leave shelter to explore+gain info
DOES NOT explain motivation to address more complex social needs
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance declines (CCD)
more difficult tasks (e.g. test) require lower arousal for best performance, while easier/well-practiced tasks (e.g. marathon) require higher arousal
hierarchy theory of motivation
we prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more then the needs for esteem/meaning
NOT universally fixed - some motivates more compelling than others - changes through circumstances XXX hierarchy in universal motive to reproduce
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
pyramid with physio needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety before psychology needs
physio, safety, belonging + love first, THEN esteem (competence, recognition/respect), THEN self-actualization (living up 2 potential), THEN self transcendence (find meaning beyond self)
Lewin’s motivational conflict theory
conflict arises as a result of two or more motives or goals to be achieved at a time (goal conflicts)
approach-approach conflict
an intrapersonal conflict when a decision is to be made from two appealing choices
approach-avoidance conflict
one goal/event has both unpleasant and pleasant outcome
avoidance-avoidance conflict
when a person has difficulty choosing between two unfavorable options
double approach-avoidance
complex conflict situation arising when a person is confronted with two goals or options that each have significant attractive and unattractive feature
MMPI
a psychometric (trait) test that is often used to detect personality traits and psychopathological tendencies.
Rorschach inkblot test
a projective (psychodynamic) test where a psychologist shows people a series of inkblots and asks them to describe what they see. It is the most commonly used projective test (unreliable tho)
thematic apperception test (TAT)
a projective (psychodynamic) test where a psychologist shows people an image - participants are asked to tell a story of what is happening in the picture, what led up to it, what people are feeling, etc
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
trait theory
personality is made up of broad traits or dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses - meaning people act in certain ways based on these traits. Focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences, predict behavior.
e.g. Big 5 - OCEAN
humanistic theory of personality
states that people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better. personality is rooted in subjective feelings about self
uses case studies)
social-cognitive theory of personality
emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as thinking and memory, in the development of personality. It suggests that we learn by observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. personality is rooted in ways of thinking.
main ppl: Bandura
Freud’s 5 stages of psychosocial development
Oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-12), genitals (12+)
oral stage (Freud)
when infants use their mouth to find oral gratification
anal stage (Freud)
involves toilet training and controlling bowel and bladder movements
phallic stage (Freud)
involves the Oedipus and Electra complex, in which boys are attracted to their mothers, and daughters to their fathers
usually the stage in which each gender learns their appropriate social roles
latent stage (Freud)
sexual energy is dormant and children play with other children of the same gender
genital stage (Freud)
sexual instincts are reawakened and relationships are sought
psychoanalytic defense mechanisms
repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation
repression (PA)
blocking thoughts out from conscious awareness
e.g. not thinking about your ex
denial (PA)
refusing to accept the ego-threatening truth
e.g. pretending that you didn’t break up
displacement (PA)
redirecting ones feelings toward another person for object (often onto people less threatening than the source of emotion)
e.g. displace anger from breakup onto your pet hamster
projection (PA)
believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person
e.g. believing she still loves you
reaction formation (PA)
expressing the opposite of how one truly feels
e.g. claiming you hate your ex
regression (PA)
returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior
e.g. you start to sleep with stuffed animals again for comfort
rationalization (PA)
seeing the silver lining in the event
e.g. you claim you can find someone better, that your ex wasn’t good for you anyway
intellectualization (PA)
undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
e.g. you begin an in-depth research paper about failed teen romances
sublimation (PA)
channeling ones frustration toward a different goal (the only healthy defense mechanism here lol)
e.g. you write songs to cope w the breakup
On personality trait that is thought to be highly heritable is…
introversion
reciprocal determinism
triadic reciprocality
personality arises out for the interaction of a person’s traits, environment, and behavior
Which approach to personality is the least deterministic?
Humanistic
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion
e.g. we feel heart racing and then feel afraid
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneous triggers physio resopnse AND subjective experience of emotion
stimulus –> arousal + emotion
e.g. heart races as we feel afraid
two factor (Schachter-Singer) theory of emotion
our experience of emotion depends on both arousal and a conscious cognitive label
stimulus –> arousal + conscious cog label –> emotion
e.g. we interpret heart beating as fear/excitement depending on context
LeDoux theory of emotion
some embodied responses happen instantly without cognitive appraisal
e.g. automatically feel startled by sudden noise BEFORE labeling it as a threat
Lazarus theory of emotion
cognitive appraisal defines emotions, even if it happens not consciously
stimulus –> cog appraisal –> arousal + emotion
e.g. “Is it dangerous?” … “No, it’s just the wind.”
High vs. low road neural pathway
high road: thalamus to cortex for analysis, then 2 amygdala (thinking), includes two-factor + Lazarus
low road: speedy - directs 2 amygdala via thalamus directly, includes LeDoux
spillover effect of arousal
if attributing arousal to epinephrine, little emotion despite arousal
BUT arousal spills over to feeling euphoric/irritated depending on context
“arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it)
what are the basic emotions, and what is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness
ANS causes emotional arousal: sympathetic»_space; (adrenaline + noradrenaline)
parasympathetic «_space;after crisis passes
Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?
many are along the same lines - fear, anger, sexual arousal
ex: insula activated on lust, pride, disgust, amygdala activated on fear more than anger
BUT subtle physio rsp (facial muscles) distinguish them
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
general response humans have to stress
alarm: sympathetic nervous system activates (FIGHT)
resistance: body maintains physiological readiness. if lasts too long, body’s resources depleted
exhaustion: parasympathetic nervous system activates (FLIGHT), returning us to normal. more vulnerable to disease.
self-serving bias
refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external ones.
theory X vs theory Y
managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded/punished
Y = managers believe that employees are intrinsically motivated and they should encourage this motive
Xtrinsic
