Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

need/desire that energizes and direct behavior towards a goal
5 theories:
evolutionary
drive-reduction
incentive
arousal
hierarchy

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

complex unlearned behavior rigidly patterned throughout species

Question 3

physiological need

Answer 3

basic bodily requirement

Question 4

evolutionary/instinct theory of motivation

Answer 4

genetic basis for motive is species-typical behavior
ex: bird building spec kind of nest
gosling imprinting
infant reflexes
WEAKNESS: doesn’t cover physio+psycho needs

Question 5

drive-reduction theory of motivation (behaviorist)

Answer 5

lack of homeostasis –> need –> drive (state of unpleasant tension/arousal caused by need) –> motivation to engage in drive reducing behavior
ex:
increased tolerance to drug –> need for calm feeling of drug -> withdrawal = drive –> use drug to assuage need

Question 6

incentive theory of motivation (behaviorist)

Answer 6

we are pulled by incentives (reward/punishment) to engage in certain behavior
ex:
no studying = bad grade. motivates us to study

Question 7

How do the drive-reduction and incentive theories connect to the law of effect?

Answer 7

DR: if homeostasis achieved by DR behav, it’ll be repeated
incentive: if rewarded, behavior repeated. if punished, behavior decreases

Question 8

over justification effect

Answer 8

in incentive theory, when expected external incentive such as $/prizes &laquo_space;intrinsic motivation to complete task (proved through marker study)

Question 9

arousal theory

Answer 9

motivation aims to seek optimum level of arousal
our need to maintain it motivates behaviors that meet no physio need but rather 4 stimulation/information
ex:
well-fed animals leave shelter to explore+gain info
DOES NOT explain motivation to address more complex social needs

Question 10

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 10

performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance declines (CCD)
more difficult tasks (e.g. test) require lower arousal for best performance, while easier/well-practiced tasks (e.g. marathon) require higher arousal

Question 11

hierarchy theory of motivation

Answer 11

we prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more then the needs for esteem/meaning
NOT universally fixed - some motivates more compelling than others - changes through circumstances XXX hierarchy in universal motive to reproduce

Question 12

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 12

pyramid with physio needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety before psychology needs
physio, safety, belonging + love first, THEN esteem (competence, recognition/respect), THEN self-actualization (living up 2 potential), THEN self transcendence (find meaning beyond self)

Question 13

Lewin’s motivational conflict theory

Answer 13

conflict arises as a result of two or more motives or goals to be achieved at a time (goal conflicts)

Question 14

approach-approach conflict

Answer 14

an intrapersonal conflict when a decision is to be made from two appealing choices

Question 15

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 15

one goal/event has both unpleasant and pleasant outcome

Question 16

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 16

when a person has difficulty choosing between two unfavorable options

Question 17

double approach-avoidance

Answer 17

complex conflict situation arising when a person is confronted with two goals or options that each have significant attractive and unattractive feature

Question 18

MMPI

Answer 18

a psychometric (trait) test that is often used to detect personality traits and psychopathological tendencies.

Question 19

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 19

a projective (psychodynamic) test where a psychologist shows people a series of inkblots and asks them to describe what they see. It is the most commonly used projective test (unreliable tho)

Question 20

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 20

a projective (psychodynamic) test where a psychologist shows people an image - participants are asked to tell a story of what is happening in the picture, what led up to it, what people are feeling, etc

Question 21

sexual response cycle

Answer 21

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 22

trait theory

Answer 22

personality is made up of broad traits or dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses - meaning people act in certain ways based on these traits. Focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences, predict behavior.
e.g. Big 5 - OCEAN

Question 23

humanistic theory of personality

Answer 23

states that people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better. personality is rooted in subjective feelings about self
uses case studies)

Question 24

social-cognitive theory of personality

Answer 24

emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as thinking and memory, in the development of personality. It suggests that we learn by observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. personality is rooted in ways of thinking.
main ppl: Bandura

Question 25

Freud’s 5 stages of psychosocial development

Answer 25

Oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-12), genitals (12+)

Question 26

oral stage (Freud)

Answer 26

when infants use their mouth to find oral gratification

Question 27

anal stage (Freud)

Answer 27

involves toilet training and controlling bowel and bladder movements

Question 28

phallic stage (Freud)

Answer 28

involves the Oedipus and Electra complex, in which boys are attracted to their mothers, and daughters to their fathers
usually the stage in which each gender learns their appropriate social roles

Question 29

latent stage (Freud)

Answer 29

sexual energy is dormant and children play with other children of the same gender

Question 30

genital stage (Freud)

Answer 30

sexual instincts are reawakened and relationships are sought

Question 31

psychoanalytic defense mechanisms

Answer 31

repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation

Question 32

repression (PA)

Answer 32

blocking thoughts out from conscious awareness
e.g. not thinking about your ex

Question 33

denial (PA)

Answer 33

refusing to accept the ego-threatening truth
e.g. pretending that you didn’t break up

Question 34

displacement (PA)

Answer 34

redirecting ones feelings toward another person for object (often onto people less threatening than the source of emotion)
e.g. displace anger from breakup onto your pet hamster

Question 35

projection (PA)

Answer 35

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person
e.g. believing she still loves you

Question 36

reaction formation (PA)

Answer 36

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels
e.g. claiming you hate your ex

Question 37

regression (PA)

Answer 37

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior
e.g. you start to sleep with stuffed animals again for comfort

Question 38

rationalization (PA)

Answer 38

seeing the silver lining in the event
e.g. you claim you can find someone better, that your ex wasn’t good for you anyway

Question 39

intellectualization (PA)

Answer 39

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
e.g. you begin an in-depth research paper about failed teen romances

Question 40

sublimation (PA)

Answer 40

channeling ones frustration toward a different goal (the only healthy defense mechanism here lol)
e.g. you write songs to cope w the breakup

Question 41

On personality trait that is thought to be highly heritable is…

Answer 41

introversion

Question 42

reciprocal determinism

Answer 42

triadic reciprocality
personality arises out for the interaction of a person’s traits, environment, and behavior

Question 43

Which approach to personality is the least deterministic?

Answer 43

Humanistic

Question 44

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 44

emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion
e.g. we feel heart racing and then feel afraid

Question 45

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 45

emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneous triggers physio resopnse AND subjective experience of emotion
stimulus –> arousal + emotion
e.g. heart races as we feel afraid

Question 46

two factor (Schachter-Singer) theory of emotion

Answer 46

our experience of emotion depends on both arousal and a conscious cognitive label
stimulus –> arousal + conscious cog label –> emotion
e.g. we interpret heart beating as fear/excitement depending on context

Question 47

LeDoux theory of emotion

Answer 47

some embodied responses happen instantly without cognitive appraisal
e.g. automatically feel startled by sudden noise BEFORE labeling it as a threat

Question 48

Lazarus theory of emotion

Answer 48

cognitive appraisal defines emotions, even if it happens not consciously
stimulus –> cog appraisal –> arousal + emotion
e.g. “Is it dangerous?” … “No, it’s just the wind.”

Question 49

High vs. low road neural pathway

Answer 49

high road: thalamus to cortex for analysis, then 2 amygdala (thinking), includes two-factor + Lazarus
low road: speedy - directs 2 amygdala via thalamus directly, includes LeDoux

Question 50

spillover effect of arousal

Answer 50

if attributing arousal to epinephrine, little emotion despite arousal
BUT arousal spills over to feeling euphoric/irritated depending on context
“arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it)

Question 51

what are the basic emotions, and what is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 51

anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness
ANS causes emotional arousal: sympathetic&raquo_space; (adrenaline + noradrenaline)
parasympathetic &laquo_space;after crisis passes

Question 52

Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?

Answer 52

many are along the same lines - fear, anger, sexual arousal
ex: insula activated on lust, pride, disgust, amygdala activated on fear more than anger
BUT subtle physio rsp (facial muscles) distinguish them

Question 53

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

Answer 53

general response humans have to stress
alarm: sympathetic nervous system activates (FIGHT)
resistance: body maintains physiological readiness. if lasts too long, body’s resources depleted
exhaustion: parasympathetic nervous system activates (FLIGHT), returning us to normal. more vulnerable to disease.

Question 54

self-serving bias

Answer 54

refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external ones.

Question 55

theory X vs theory Y

Answer 55

managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded/punished
Y = managers believe that employees are intrinsically motivated and they should encourage this motive
Xtrinsic