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AP Psych 23-24 > Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

scientific study of link between biological and psychological processes

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2
Q

dendrites

A

tendril-like parts of a neuron that LISTEN - receive + integrate info from other cells to their native cell body

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3
Q

cell body/soma

A

life support of the entire nerve cell (neuron)
it’s where excitatory (yay) and inhibitory (nay) signals interact to generate an action potential

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4
Q

axon

A

passes neural impulse from cell body to other cells through its terminal branches when threshold reached (E > I by certain amt)
* it’s an all or none response - pulling the trigger harder doesn’t make the bullet go faster
* after an impulse is fired, no more action potentials can happen until the axon returns to rest (this is the refractory period)

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates some axons and MAINLY helps speed up neural impulses
its degeneration indicates Multiple Sclerosis

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6
Q

axon terminal

A

once a neural impulse reaches the end of the terminal, neurotransmitters are triggered - they’re sent across the synaptic gap (neurons don’t actually touch, there’s the synapse between them)

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7
Q

sensory neurons

A

IN
carry incoming info from tissues/senses to the CNS
part of somatic NS

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8
Q

motor neurons

A

OUT
carry outgoing info from CNS to muscles/glands
part of somatic NS

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9
Q

interneuron

A

communicate + process internal info in CNS
billions of them in the body!

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10
Q

Describe the general path of a neural impulse.

A

dendrites –> cell body -> axon -> axon terminal -> synapse

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11
Q

synaptic gap

A

the meeting point between neurons that connects terminal of one to dendrite of another
neurons don’t quite touch - instead, neurontransmitters cross the synapse

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors in the receiving neuron like a key in a lock
afterwards, reuptake happens

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13
Q

reuptake

A

the process by which excess NTs are reabsorbed by the sending neuron or otherwise broken down

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14
Q

List the most common kinds of neurotransmitters.

A

Ach, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, endorphins

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15
Q

Ach: functions and malfunctions

A

motor mov
Too little Acetylcholine =-= Alzheimer’s

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16
Q

Dopamine: functions and malfunctions

A

Fine motor mov + alertness
Too little =-= Parkinson’s
Too much =-= schizophrenia

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17
Q

Serotonin: functions and malfunctions

A

Mood control
Too little =-= depression

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18
Q

Norepinephrine: functions and malfunctions

A

Alertness, arousal
Depression

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19
Q

GABA: functions and malfunctions

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Involved in seizures / sleep problems

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20
Q

Glutamate: functions and malfunctions

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
Excess assoc w migraines, seizures

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21
Q

Endorphins: functions and malfunctions

A
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22
Q

Agonists vs Antagonists

A

Agonists:
* excitatory
* increase / mimic NT action
* e.g. morphine
Antagonists:
* inhibitory
* blocks NT action
* e.g. curate poisoning

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23
Q

Nervous System vs Endocrine System

A

Nervous sys = speedy, electrochemical, happens through nerves, dissipates quickly
Endocrine sys = slow, hormonal, happens through bloodstream, lasts longer

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24
Q

Describe the structure of the Nervous System

A

Central (brain and spinal cord) vs Periphery
(Somatic vs Autonomic
[Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic])

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25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

sensory/motor neurons that connect CNS to the rest of the body through nerves

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26
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables
connect CNS to organs

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27
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic Nervous System

A

Somatic:
controls body’s skeletal muscles (enabling voluntary control)
Autonomic:
controls glands + internal organ muscles (self-regulates but can be consciously overriden)

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28
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic:
arouses body + mobilizes its energy (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic:
calms body+conserves energy (rest and digest)

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29
Q

neural networks

A

the clustering of neurons in working groups (interconnected neural cells)

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30
Q

reflex

A

an automatic response to a sensory stimulus (e.g. knee jerk response)

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31
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that act in the body by traveling through the bloodstream

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32
Q

List the glands involved in the endocrine system.

A

pituitary: growth; the “master gland”
thyroid: regs metabolism
parathyroid: regs calcium lvls in blood
pancreas: regs sugar lvls in blood
adrenal: secretes epinephrine + norepinephrine –> fight or flight rsp
testis: male sex hormones
ovary: female sex hormones

33
Q

pituitary gland

A

the “master gland” - located in brain
controlled by hypothalamus (brain region)
produces growth hormone + secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

34
Q

simple reflex

A

helps respond/react quickly to painful stimuli (where the normal sequence would take too long)
1) skin receptors receive info (sensory neuron)
2) info goes thrgh PNS to spinal cord (wired thrgh back)
3) goes up to brain (CNS) and travels DIRECTLY through interneuron to motor neuron
4) info comes out thrgh front pt of spine
5) muscles receive info to move away from danger

35
Q

Describe how the endocrine system interacts with the body and brain.

A

brain –> pituitary gland –> other glands –> hormones (bloodstream) -> body/brain action –> repeat

36
Q

lesion

module 11

A

a natural / experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

37
Q

methods of studying the brain

A

EEG, MEG, CT/CAT scan, MRi, PET scan, fMRI

38
Q

EEG

A

records electric signals aross brain surface by placing electrodes on the scalp
stimulus presented, recording shows electric wave provoked by stimulus
useufl in studying sleep + seizures

39
Q

MEG

A

measures magnetic fields from brain + nautral electric activity
ppl do activities, MEG records spped + strength of electromagnetic fields

40
Q

CT/CAT scan

A

takes x-ray photos of the brain from different angles and combines them to reveal composite brain structure (and potential dmg)

41
Q

PET scan

A

detects different brain areas’ consumption of glucose (slightly radioactive sample given to participants) while participant does task

42
Q

MRI

A

participants lie down in machine while scan uses magnetic fields + radio waves to generate images of brain anatomy

43
Q

fMRI

A

tracks successive brain images to show brain function, structure, and blood flow/oxygen

44
Q

Older Structures of the Brain

A

the ones that evolved first (most primitive)
brainstem, medulla, pons, thalamus, reticular formation

45
Q

brainstem

A

oldest + most central part of the brain
responsible for automatic survival funcs + coordinates the body

46
Q

medulla

A

base of brain stem (is the spinal swelling just after entering the skull)
controls heartbeat and breathing

47
Q

pons

A

just above medulla -
controls sleep and coordinates unconscious movement

48
Q

thalamus

A

located on top of brainstem
sensory control center (coords info between sensory cortex areas and cerebellum + brain stem

49
Q

reticular formation

A

located inside brainstem - goes from spinal cord through thalamus
nerve network that filters incoming stimuli (helps multitask), relays info to other brain areas, and affets arousal
if severed, comatose
if stimulated, hyperactive

50
Q

cerebellum

A

located at rear of brainstem
coordinates muscle movement and balance
supports mlearning and muscle memory

51
Q

Limbic System

A

a neural system associated with emotions and drives
sits between older + newer brain structures
includes amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

52
Q

amygdala

A

small neural clusters (lima beans) involved in aggression + fear responses

53
Q

hypothalamus

A

right below the thalamus
maintains body / endocrine system: stimulates hormone release in pituitary gland, enables alertness, stimulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature (homeostasis)

54
Q

hippocampus

A

processes explicit/conscious/episodic/declarative (they all mean the same thing) memory of facts and events

55
Q

cerebral cortex

module 12

A

thin surface layer of neural cell fabric covering cerebral hemisphers
body’s ultimate control + info processing center
subdivided into four lobes; frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

56
Q

frontal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex and located behind forehead
involved in speaking/muscle mov, planning, and rational judgments (contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex)

57
Q

parietal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex and located and top+back of head
receives sensory input for touch/body position (contains sensory cortex)

58
Q

occipital lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex and located at the very back of the head
receives info from visual fields (contains visual cortex)

59
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex and located just above the ears
plays role in recognizing + using language by receiving auditory info from ears

60
Q

motor cortex

A

located at rear of front lobesand goes ear to ear
controls voluntary movement (wired to opposite sides of the body)
OUTPUT

61
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

located at front of parietal lobes
registers and processes body touch and movement(receiving wired from opposite sides of the body)
INPUT

62
Q

visual cortex

A

in occipital lobes - receives in put from eyes

63
Q

association areas

A

areas of cerebral cortex inolved in hgiher functions as opposed to basic motor/sensory
located in all four areas - no response to electrical stimuli
ex: prefrontal cortex - judgment, planning, processing in frontal cortex

64
Q

Phineas Gage

A

1840s railroad worker whose front lobes were imapled by iron rod
afterwards, he was functional ut impulsive, irritable immoral

65
Q

If the right temporal lobe was destroyed, what would happen?

A

We couldn’t recognize faces

66
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change/adjust, especially in childhood
by reorganizing itself + building new pathways

67
Q

How does plastic reorganization of the brain work?

A

It can occur to an extent in response to dmg
severed CNS cannot regrow, some brain func isolated to spec areas that can’t be compensated for
ex: blind/deaf can use unused brain areas for new func - they compensate somewhat (also can do this for idsease)

68
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons - can help repair brain
ex:
natural promoters: [WIP]

69
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in frontal lobe near motor cortex (left hemisphere)
Helps move muscles involved in producing speech

70
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in left hemisphere
Helps comprehend speech + grammar

71
Q

corpus callosum

A

a thin band of nerve fibers that connects the left (verbal+lang) and right (spatial+faces) hemispheres
Split brain patients have it severed to help localize full-brain seizures

72
Q

Is vision processed ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

Contralateral
Right hemisphere controls left hand (and processes left visual field)
Left hemisphere controls right hand (processes right visual field)

73
Q

An apple is flashed to the left eye and a cantaloupe is flashed to the right eye. Which object will the split brain patient be able to pick out but not name? With which hand?

A

Apple, left hand

74
Q

An apple is flashed to the left eye and a cantaloupe is flashed to the right eye. Which object will the split brain patient be able to verbally report seeing?

A

Cantaloupe

75
Q

A face made up of pieces of fruit is flashed first to the left eye, then to the right eye. What will the split brain report seeing (sequentially)?

A
  1. Face (Left eye = right hemisphere, sees faces)
  2. Pieces of fruit (right eye = left hemisphere, can’t see faces)
76
Q

dual processing

A

simultaneous conscious and unconscious processing
explicit: hippocampus
implicit: cerebellum

77
Q

Sequential vs parallel processing

A

Processing one pt of a problem at a time - for new and difficult things
Vs
Processing many things simultaneously - for well-learned ez things/ routine biz, generally faster than sequential

78
Q

blindsight

A

Response to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

79
Q

heritability

A

the extent to which variation among members of a group can be attributed to genes
high h = differences in pop w sameish enviro, diff genes
low h = difference in pop w diffish enviro, same genes

AP Psych 23-24 (10 decks)

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