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AP Psych 23-24 > Unit 5.2: Cognition, Thinking, and Language > Flashcards

Unit 5.2: Cognition, Thinking, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
includes forming concepts

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2
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of simialr objects, events, ideas, or people
formed through prototypes (best example of a concept) – slower 2 recognize when object is further from prototype
function to readily recognize things - synthesizing lots of info with little effort

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3
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas
involves aptitude (ability to learn) but not the only factor
requires both convergent and divergent thinking
demands:
* expertise
* imaginative skills
* adventurous personality
* intrinsic motivation
* creative environment

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4
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing down solutions to find the single best one

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5
Q

divergent thinking

A

considering many different options as solutions

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6
Q

algorithm

mod 35

A

methodical, logical procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
opposite of heuristics

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7
Q

heuristic

A

thinking shortcuts 2 solve problems. quicker than algorithms but more error prone.

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8
Q
A
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8
Q

insight

A

sudden realizaiton of a problem’s solution

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9
Q

Which phenomenons limit our creative problem solving by predisposing our thinking?

A

confirmation bias: search for info to support + ignore info that denies a preconception
fixation: inability to see problem from a new perspective, which results frmo one’s mental set (approaching problems in one particular way, usually a previously successful one)

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10
Q

intuition

A

effortless, immediate thought (oppsote of explicit thinking)
utilizes two heuristics:
* representativeness: estimating likelihood based on how they seem to match prototypes (shy person who wears glasses seems more likely to be librarian)
* avaiiability: estimating likelihood based on how readily examples come to mind (shark attacks seem more likely to kill than car crashes b/c more notable and scary)

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11
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate accuracy of beliefs
negative effects diminish w/ experience, but ppl appear competent and live happier as positives
planning fallacy: overest. leisure time + underest. time it’ll take to do something

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12
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to a belief even in the face of contrary evidence
CONSIDER THE OPPOSITE

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13
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed
can sig affect judgment
90% survival rate v 10% death rate
opt out of organ donorship v opt in

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14
Q

What makes us fear things?

A

What ancestry prepared us to fear
What we cannot control
What is immediate
What’s available in memory
What’s disastrous

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15
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical method that identifies the common cause of variance in different tests
ex: intelligence … verbal ability score&raquo_space; = good on tests that requires verbal abilities

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16
Q

What is the similarity between adoptive children and their adoptive parents over time in terms of intelligence?

A

Adoptive children become slightly less similar to their adoptive parents over time in intelligence

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17
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound units in a language
English uses abt 40
ex: cheers = “ch”, “ee”, “r”, “s”

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18
Q

morphemes

A

smallest language units that carry meaning
ex: readers…
“read”
“er” (one who reads)
“s” (multiple)

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19
Q

grammar

A

language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate

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20
Q

semantics

A

set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

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21
Q

syntax

A

how words are arranged in grammatically correct sentences

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22
Q

What is the general timeline for learning language?

A

4 months: read lips, recognize differences in speech sounds
6-9 months: receptive lang (ability to understand what is said to/about them)
10 months: babbling stage (spontaneously utters various sounds that resemble household lang)
1-2 years: one word / two word stage
24 months+: telegraphic speech (simple sentences using mostly nouns and verbs)

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23
Q

What is B.F. Skinner’s operant learning language theory?

A

Children learn language the same way animals learn mazes, through operant conditioning
(learned behavior = nurture)

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24
Q

What is Noam Chomsky’s inborn universal grammar language theory?

A

language = unlearned natural human trait (not confined to spec language though)
explains how we can pick up lang + use grammar so well in pre-school

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25
Q

What is the critical period to learn language?

A

0-3 years = optimal window. BUT after 7 years, they lose the ability to master any language.

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26
Q

visual cortex

A

responsible for visual perception - lip-reading, etc.

27
Q

angular gyrus

A

responsible for reading/writing function

28
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the idea that language determines/influences the way we think and are capable of thinking
Whorf = the guy
ex: Hopi language XX past tense, so cannot think readily abt past

29
Q

How do we think using images?

A

imagining a physical activity activates same brain region as when actually performing the activity

30
Q

What are the three main behaviors of intelligence?

A

LEARNING from experiences to adapt to new situations
UNDERSTANDING and handling abstract concepts
USING knowledge to manipulate surroundings (problem-solve)

31
Q

g factor / general intelligence theory

A

a single general ability that can express intelligence, argued as the basis of more specific expressions (s factors, or spec abilities produced by that Intel)
Charles Spearman’s theory

32
Q

multiple intelligences theory

A

there are 7 factors of intelligence spanning variety of abilities (e.g. spatial, inductive reasoning, word fluency, etc.)
L.L. Thurstone’s theory

33
Q

savant syndrome

A

demonstrating extraordinary specific skill but having otherwise limited mental ability
ex: Kim Peek = excellent memory, but v literal mindset, limited skills

34
Q

Eight Intelligences

A

Gardner’s theory of 8 individual intelligences:
kinesthetic
spatial
musical
verbal/linguistic
mathematical
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalistic

35
Q

emotional intelligence theory

A

social intelligence is k2 success in life:
self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management
good predictors of success

36
Q

grit

A

passion + perseverance in pursuit of long term goals
correlated w success, energy, and conscientiousness

37
Q

What is the 10-year rule of skills?

A

You become an expert after 10 years of diligent, continuous practice

38
Q

social intelligence

A

involving understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully

39
Q

intelligence test

A

assessment of individual mental aptitudes
based on numerical comparison to wider population

40
Q

achievement test

A

assessment designed to measure learning
ex: AP exams

41
Q

aptitude test

A

assessment designed to predict what you’re capable of learning
ex: college entrance exams

42
Q

Why did Alfred Binet begin to test intelligence in children?

A

He wanted to know which students had difficulty in school + who needed the most help

43
Q

mental age

A

Binet’s measure of intelligence test performance
lvl of performance associated with typical child of that age
ex: performance of average 8 year old = mental age of 8.

44
Q

Stanford Binet test

A

Theodore Simon’s widely used American revision of Binet’s test based on mental age
measures 5 components: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quant reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory

45
Q

What is William Stern’s IQ formula?

A

Mental age / chronological age * 100
ex: 12 yr old girl has mental age of 18 … IQ of 150

46
Q

Francis Galton

A

tried but failed to find simple measure of intelligence via test
coined phrase “nature vs. nurture” BUT work was biased twds innate genius (drifted into eugenics)

47
Q

Alfred Binet

A

believed in enviro infl + intelligences as NOT a fixed trait
started modern intelligence testing by calculating mental age to predict school progress

48
Q

Lewis Terman

A

adapted Binet’s tests for age to measure innate intelligence
believed in inherent genius (drifted into eugenics)

49
Q

What is the WAIS and WISC?

A

Wechster Adult Intelligence Scale / children’s version of that
reflects mostly nonverbal abilities

50
Q

What three criteria must a psychological test meet?

A

standardized: uniform testing procedures with pretested group as basis for comparison
reliable: consistency of results upon retesting
valid: samples pertinent behavior (content validity) AND successfully predicts pertinent behavior (predictive validity)

51
Q

cohort

A

group of people sharing common characteristic (e.g. age, race, gender)

52
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

use of previously acquired knowledge - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
&raquo_space;> after 20s
ex: authors, historians, philosophers

53
Q

fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving in novel situations without prior knowledge, w/ logical and abstract thinking
«< after 20s
ex: scientists, mathematicians, engineers

54
Q

cross-sectional study

A

compares people of different ages / life circumstances at the same point in time
ex: 70 year old cohort and 30 year old cohort that finds mental ability «< with age
excellent snapshot of particular pt in time

55
Q

longitudinal study

A

follows and retests the same people over time (at different points in their lifespan)
ex: people born in 1900s vs 1960s … found mental ability remains stable, and sometimes increases, with a ge
better equipped to trace evolution of traits over long time period

56
Q

How stable are intelligence scores over the life span?

A

stability of intelligence w/ age&raquo_space;
* age 4: begins to predict (still fluctuates)
* early teens: scores stable and predictive of adult scores

57
Q

intellectual disability

A

limited mental ability as designated by < 70 IQ
difficulty adjusting 2 life (limited adaptive ability)

58
Q

Down Syndrome

A

extra chromosome 21 –> mild to severe physical and cognitive impairment

59
Q

heritability

A

extent to which differences between individuals in a group is due to genes
if environment > equal, heritability&raquo_space;

60
Q

What does evidence reveal about environmental influences on intelligence (through twin studies)?

A

identical twins raised apart have less correlation, showing environmental effects
BUT different genes raised together have even less correlation, showing genetic influences as well

61
Q

early intervention

A

improving an environment early in the lifespan
quality preschool =&raquo_space; intelligence scores
Head Start boosts aptitude modestly over time
conversely, children with lead poisoning (flint) = &laquo_space;test scores

62
Q

growth mindset

A

emphasis on learning and growing believing that skills and intelligence can change
ability + opportunity + motivation = success

63
Q

How are intelligence tests biased?

A

sensitive to performance differences caused by cultural experience BUT
most experts agree &laquo_space;bias b/c tests are valid and reliable across all groups

64
Q

stereotype threat

A

phenomenon in which people feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about competence
creates anxiety that leads to power test scores

AP Psych 23-24 (10 decks)

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