Unit 7: Global Conflict Flashcards
1
Q
How did 19th century communism (Marxism) influence the Russian Revolution?
A
- People in Russia didn’t think they could achieve their goals peacefully as democracy in Russia barely existed
- Many Russian socialists advocated uncompromising revolution as the only possible route to a socialist future
2
Q
What factors contributed to the Russian Revolution?
A
- World War I (going badly for Russians and increased tension in Russian society)
- Tsar lost almost all support and was forced to abdicate the throne
3
Q
How did the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II launch a social upheaval?
A
- In major industrial sectors, trade unions arose
- soldiers sought to end terrible war and despised upper-class officers so they deserted
- non-Russian nationalists in Ukraine, Poland, and Baltic region demanded greater autonomy and independence
4
Q
How were Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks able to gain support for the revolution?
A
- Lenin’s message which included an end to war, land for peasants, workers’ control of factories, and self-determination for non-Russian nationalities, resonated with the public
5
Q
What was the result of the Bolshevik victory?
A
- renamed their country the Soviet Union
- remained a communist island in a capitalist sea
6
Q
What did Stalin believe was necessary to achieve socialism in Russia?
A
- modernization and industrialization must happen
emphasized social equality and promoted cultural values of selflessness and collectivism
7
Q
What did society look like under Communist Party Control?
A
- top ranking party members had privileges but were expected to be exemplars of socialism by being disciplined, selfless, and loyal
- state controlled almost the entire economy
- political authorities monitored everything
8
Q
What happened to the kulaks?
A
Richer peasants (kulaks) were singled out by Stalin for exclusion from the new collective farms. Some killed and others deported.
9
Q
How was industrialization different in Soviet Russia than in Western Europe?
A
In Soviet Russia:
- involved state ownership or property, centralized planning, heavy industry
In Western Europe:
- rapid urbanization, exploitation of countryside for resources, growth of middle class
10
Q
Who were considered the “enemies” of the Soviet Union?
A
- high -ranking members and supporters of the Communist Party
11
Q
What happened during the Great Purge?
A
- tens of thousands of communists (Lenin’s top associates and millions of ordinary people) were arrested. then they were tried and sentenced to death or labor camps
- 1 million people executed 1936-1941
- 4-5 million people sent to the gulag (work in horrendous conditions and died largely)
12
Q
What new alliances developed within the new world balance of power in the 20th century?
A
- Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain
13
Q
How did the Assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, test the new Alliance system?
A
Triggered a chain reaction of alliances being activated, which quickly changed from a regional conflict to a global conflict
14
Q
How did nationalism play into the outbreak of World War I?
A
- Created intense pride, competition, and tension among nations and ethnic groups
15
Q
How did industrialized militarism contribute to World War I?
A
- Major states developed war plans that detailed the movement of men and materials after the outbreak of war
- rapid industrialization generated weapons, including submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire. This contributed to 10 million deaths in war
16
Q
How did imperialism shape the scope and conduct of the war?
A
- Funnelled colonial troops and laborers into the war effort, with men from Africa, India, China, SE Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada taking part in the conflict
17
Q
Explain how the concept of total war during World War I expanded government authority.
A
- required the mobilization of each country’s entire population so authority of governments expanded greatly
- state assumed further control over the economy
18
Q
Explain the long-term outcomes of World War I.
A
- In Europe, casualties among elite and well-educated groups, and physical destruction, led to widespread disillusionment among intellectuals with their own civilization
- mocked Enlightenment values of progress, tolerance, and rationality
19
Q
What social and cultural changes occurred in Europe and America after the war?
A
- women left factory work
-loosened the hold on tradition - casualties promoted social mobility
- suffrage movements revived (women received right to vote)
- consumerism
20
Q
How did the war transform European political life?
A
- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and other nations became independent
- Treaty of Versailles placed reparations on Germany, restricted Germany’s military, and required Germany to take sole responsibility for outbreak of war
21
Q
What changes existed beyond Europe?
A
- Brought a final end to the Ottoman Empire, created new states of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine
22
Q
How did World War I affect the European colonies?
A
- gained new military skills and political awareness. this led for them to return home with less respect for their rulers and with expectations for better treatment as a reward for their service
23
Q
What role did the United States play during World War I and in the aftermath?
A
- brought the US to center stage as a global power
- manpower contributed much to the defeat of Germany
- became Europe’s creditor
- League of Nations created
24
Q
Explain how the Great Depression was a global phenomenon.
A
- unemployment soared everywhere
- world trade dropped by 62%
- other places saw the demand for primary exports drop dramatically
- social tensions
- created revolutions (Mexican Revolution)
25
How did the Great Depression challenge the governments of industrialized capitalist nations?
- apparent failure of a market economy to self-correct led people to look twice at the Soviet Union
- In Britain, France, and Scandinavia, the Depression energized a democratic socialism that sought greater regulation of the economy and a more equal distribution of wealth
26
Explain how the Great Depression affected the relationship between the government and its citizens
- a mounting number of government agencies marked a new degree of federal regulation and supervision of the economy
27
What role did FDR’s New Deal play in the end of the Great Depression?
- involved immediate programs of public spending (highways, bridges), long term reforms (minimum wage, social security), support for labor unions
- failed to bring Great Depression to an end
28
What was the driving force behind fascism?
- desire for strong national unity, order, and power, especially in response to economic problems, political instability, and fear of communism
29
What were the characteristics of fascism/fascists?
- intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation
- praised violence against enemies
- celebrated action rather than reflection
- condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism
30
Why was fascism appealing to the population?
- some felt the rise of socialism and communism as a threat
- people lost faith in the capacity of liberal democracy and capitalism to create a good society
31
Why did fascism grow in Italy?
- did not develop a thoroughly industrialized economy
- WWI gave rise to resentful veterans who believed that Italy had not gained the territory it deserved from the Treaty of Versailles
- trade unions, peasant movements, communist and social parties threatened social order
32
What impact did Mussolini’s government have on society and culture?
- promised an alternative to communism
- disbanded labor unions and peasant groups
- corporate state took shape
- women were portrayed in highly traditional domestic terms
33
List the characteristics of Nazism.
- extreme nationalism
- openly advocated use of violence as a political tool
- generated a single-party dictatorship
- despised parliamentary democracy
- hated community
- led by charismatic figures
34
How were the Nazis able to gain support?
- Nazis reduced unemployment caused by Great Depression
- Hitler appealed to rural and traditional values that many Germans feared losing as their country modernized
- intense nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority --> resonated widely
35
How were Hitler and the Nazi’s able to consolidate control?
- all other political parties were outlawed
- independent labor unions ended
- thousands of opponents arrested
- press and radio under state control
36
How did Hitler deal with the economic problems of the Great Depression?
- invested heavily in projects such as superhighways, bridges, canals, and public buildings
- rebuilt and rearmed the country's diminished military forces
37
How did Hitler use propaganda to launch a racial revolution against the Jews?
- Jews became the symbol of the urban, capitalist, and foreign influences that were undermining traditional German culture
- called for racial purification of Germany
38
What policies did Hitler launch against the Jews?
- Jews excluded from universities, professional organizations, and civil employment
- Nuremberg Laws ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade intermarriage
39
How was gender factored into Nazi policy?
- wanted to limit women largely to the home, removing them from the paid workforce
- state was natural domain of men while home was realm of women
- opposed abortion, contraception, family planning, and sex education, all of which were associated with feminist thinking
40
In what ways did the Nazis reflect Enlightenment ideologies?
- perfectibility of humankind and in the social engineering necessary to achieve it
- drew heavily on scientific racism and expression in phrenology
41
List the democratic characteristics of Japan in the 1920s.
- moved toward democratic politics and Western cultural values
- universal male suffrage
- education expanded
- consumer society developed
- greater gender equality
- increasing number of women's suffrage movements
42
How did the Great Depression impact Japan?
- hit hard
- decreased demand for silk impoverished millions
- exports fell by half causing a million or more unemployed
- many began to doubt the ability of parliamentary democracy and capitalism --> energized growing movement (extreme nationalism, hostility to parliamentary democracy, foreign expansion)
43
How was Japanese authoritarianism different from German Nazism or Italian Fascism?
- no rightwing or fascist party gained popular support
- didn't produce any charismatic leader
- people arrested for political offenses were not criminalized or exterminated, but were subjected to resocialization that allowed them to renounce their errors
- emperor was strong so it prevented development of a widespread fascist movement
44
How did Japanese nationalism affect public life in the 1930s?
- military came to exercise a more dominant role (samurai)
- censorship limited possibilities of free expression
45
Why was the Japanese government able to gain support?
- state-financed credit, large-scale spending on armaments, and public works enabled Japan to emerge from Depression more rapidly
- government increasingly assumed a supervisory role in economic affairs
46
How was Japanese authoritarianism less repressive than its counterparts?
- Japanese intellectuals and writers still retained some influence
- Few political prisoners and were not subjected to deportation or execution
- conceptions and racial purity were directed against foreigners rather than an internal minority
47
Why/how did World War II begin in Asia?
- Japanese expansion (invaded Manchuria, invasion of China (Nanjing Massacre) to build an empire
- League of Nations couldn't stop because it didn't have enough power or influence
48
How did European and American powers react to Japan’s war against China?
- Anti-Japanese immigration policies in US
- Japan was dependent on foreign goods (oil) even as the US was becoming increasingly hostile to Japanese ambitions in Asia
49
Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
- wanted to end American hostility
- Japan's leaders felt that the alternatives boiled down to either acceptance of American terms or a war with an uncertain outcome
50
How did the attack on Pearl Harbor mark a decisive development in World War II?
- The US entered the war in the Pacific, beginning a long struggle that ended only with the use of atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
- Global struggle that pitted Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis powers) against the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union (the Allies)
51
Why/how did World War II begin in Europe?
- Germans harbored deep resentments after Treaty of Versailles. Nazis took advantage and pledged to rectify the treaty's perceived injustices
- Origin of WWII in europe lied in German aggression
- Germany unleashed attack on Poland, triggering WWII as Britain and France declared war on Germany
52
Compare World War I and World War II in terms of support and conduct.
WWI:
- accidental and unintended
- was welcomed
- emphasized defense (trench warfare)
WWII:
- deliberate and planned
- not welcomed with mass enthusiasm
- rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower
53
What accounted for the destructiveness and high casualties in World War II?
- new technologies of warfare (heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, and atomic weapons)
- almost complete blurring of the traditional line between civilian and military targets (entire cities and whole populations were enemy)
54
What happened to the survivors of war in places like Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
- many contracted radiation-related diseases like leukemia and other forms of cancer
- developed psychological distress
55
How did governments use total war strategies during World War II?
- Colonial resources were used to mobilize their economies, people, and propaganda machines more extensively
- British used colonial troops and laborers from India and Africa
- Japan compelled several hundred thousand women from Korea, China, and elsewhere to serve sexual needs of Japanese troops
56
Explain how the role of women changed during World War II.
- Women took on heavy industrial jobs
- In the Soviet Union, women almost completed dominated agricultural production and participated actively in combat
- German and Japanese women were mobilized for factory work
57
Explain the significance of the Holocaust in world history.
- brought millions of additional Jews in Poland and Soviet Union under German control
-Death camps emerged (killed 6 million Jews)
- Nazis murdered millions of non-Jewish civilians who they deemed as inferior, undesirable, or dangerous
- impacted legacy of Christianity and Enlightenment
- defined a new category of crimes, genocide
58
How did World War II lead to the decolonization of Africa and Asia?
- weakened the will and ability of European powers to hold on to their colonies and emboldened nationalist and anticolonial movements
- Asian and African leaders demanded that the principle of respecting the rights of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live should apply to them too
59
Provide examples of growing internationalism after World War II.
- UN was established to maintain the peace
- The World Bank and International Monetary Fund implemetned to regulate global economy, prevent another depression, and stimulate economic growth, especially in poorer nations
