Unit 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
Scientific Revolution
- a series of events that took place in Europe during the 17th century and marked advances in the natural sciences
- rather than believing in existing knowledge to conclude things, scientists started using scientific experimentation and observations
Copernicus
a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who is best known for proposing the heliocentric model of the universe, which argued that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun
Galileo
- an Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution
- a central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science
- Used technology to assemble an astronomical telescope
Isaac Newton
- the greatest English mathematician of his generation
- laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus
- formed a theory to explain movement of the planets
- used math to show that gravity kept the planets in orbit
European Enlightenment
A philosophical movement beginning in France that advocated reason and logic as the basis of authority and all decisions are using reason and logic to solve social problems
Voltaire
a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state
Pantheists
someone who believes in many or all gods, or believes that God exists in, and is the same as, all things, animals, and people within the universe
Natural Religion
the belief that power is held in natural phenomena and can be spread in various ways depending on one’s culture, society, or personal beliefs; Christianity, Judaism, Islam
American Revolution
- Conflict between American colonists and the British government, caused by growing resentments based on taxation and governing policies
- lasted from 1775 to 1781
- ultimately ended in American independence and the first large-scale democracy since ancient Greece
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
outlined the natural and legal rights of French citizens and limited the power of King Louis XVI
French Revolution
- a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, which profoundly affected French and global history
- marked the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of democratic ideals, and the emergence of nationalism, influencing revolutions around the world
Robespierre
- a leader of the French Revolution best known for spearheading the Reign of Terror
- had noble goals for the French Revolution, including: Liberty for all
Napoleon Bonaparte
a well-known French emperor and military leader who conquered a huge part of Europe during his time
Toussaint L’Ouverture
- Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution
- born enslaved around 1739–1746 in present day Haiti
Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion
Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos
Abolition movement
a movement aimed at ending the practice of slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the rights and freedom of enslaved individuals
Nationalism
- an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs
- promotes loyalty to one’s nation above all and rallies citizens around national symbols and goals
Maternal Feminism
- belief of many early feminists that women as mothers and caregivers had an important but distinctive role to play in society and in politics
- incorporates reform ideas from social feminism, and combines the concepts of maternalism and feminism
Steam Engine
heat engines that convert the energy stored in steam into mechanical work, fundamentally transforming transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution
British Textile Industry
The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output
Middle-class society
a social group that emerged prominently during the Industrial Revolution, characterized by their economic stability and influence, typically positioned between the working class and the upper class
Ideology of domesticity
A set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle class women in nineteenth century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors and refined activities on the proper sphere for women
Lower middle class
- Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, and police officers
- by 1900, this group compromised about 20 percent of Britain’s population
Laboring Classes
- hard laborers and manual workers in mines, ports, factories, etc.
- primarily lived in the poor, crowded, and dirty parts of cities cities with polluted water
- faced long hours with little pay
Karl Marx
- a 19th-century philosopher, economist, and political theorist whose ideas laid the foundation for modern socialism and communism
- best known for his critique of capitalism and his theory of historical materialism, which posits that economic forces drive social change
Labour Party
- British working-class political party, established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, providing an alternative to Marxism
- Advocated a reformist program and peaceful democratic transition, largely rejecting the class struggle
Communist
a political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is collectively owned, eliminating private ownership
Culture of consumption
a societal framework where the buying and consumption of goods and services are central to the economic, social, and cultural practices of individuals and communities
Socialism in the United States
a small political party movement in the United States where only a small percentage of the population voted for it, because the United States was already fine and doing great in terms of fairness and wages
Progressives
Reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way the government works
Transformation from above
- Change initiated by the state (ex. autocratic Russia)
Russian Revolution 1905
uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy
Caudillos
military or political leaders in Latin America, often characterized by their strongman rule and significant influence over regional power dynamics
Latin American export boom
- large-scale increase in Latin American exports
- mostly raw materials and foodstuffs
- happened to industrializing countries in the second half of the 19th century
- made possible by major improvements in shipping
Mexican Revolution
Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism
Dependent development
Theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by reliance on wealthier countries
