Unit 5 Vocabulary

Question 1

Scientific Revolution

Answer 1

• a series of events that took place in Europe during the 17th century and marked advances in the natural sciences
• rather than believing in existing knowledge to conclude things, scientists started using scientific experimentation and observations

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who is best known for proposing the heliocentric model of the universe, which argued that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun

Question 3

Galileo

Answer 3

• an Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution
• a central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science
• Used technology to assemble an astronomical telescope

Question 4

Isaac Newton

Answer 4

• the greatest English mathematician of his generation
• laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus
• formed a theory to explain movement of the planets
• used math to show that gravity kept the planets in orbit

Question 5

European Enlightenment

Answer 5

A philosophical movement beginning in France that advocated reason and logic as the basis of authority and all decisions are using reason and logic to solve social problems

Question 6

Voltaire

Answer 6

a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state

Question 7

Pantheists

Answer 7

someone who believes in many or all gods, or believes that God exists in, and is the same as, all things, animals, and people within the universe

Question 8

Natural Religion

Answer 8

the belief that power is held in natural phenomena and can be spread in various ways depending on one’s culture, society, or personal beliefs; Christianity, Judaism, Islam

Question 9

American Revolution

Answer 9

• Conflict between American colonists and the British government, caused by growing resentments based on taxation and governing policies
• lasted from 1775 to 1781
• ultimately ended in American independence and the first large-scale democracy since ancient Greece

Question 10

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 10

outlined the natural and legal rights of French citizens and limited the power of King Louis XVI

Question 11

French Revolution

Answer 11

• a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, which profoundly affected French and global history
• marked the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of democratic ideals, and the emergence of nationalism, influencing revolutions around the world

Question 12

Robespierre

Answer 12

• a leader of the French Revolution best known for spearheading the Reign of Terror
• had noble goals for the French Revolution, including: Liberty for all

Question 13

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 13

a well-known French emperor and military leader who conquered a huge part of Europe during his time

Question 14

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 14

• Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution
• born enslaved around 1739–1746 in present day Haiti

Question 15

Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

Answer 15

Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos

Question 16

Abolition movement

Answer 16

a movement aimed at ending the practice of slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the rights and freedom of enslaved individuals

Question 17

Nationalism

Answer 17

• an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs
• promotes loyalty to one’s nation above all and rallies citizens around national symbols and goals

Question 18

Maternal Feminism

Answer 18

• belief of many early feminists that women as mothers and caregivers had an important but distinctive role to play in society and in politics
• incorporates reform ideas from social feminism, and combines the concepts of maternalism and feminism

Question 19

Steam Engine

Answer 19

heat engines that convert the energy stored in steam into mechanical work, fundamentally transforming transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution

Question 20

British Textile Industry

Answer 20

The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output

Question 21

Middle-class society

Answer 21

a social group that emerged prominently during the Industrial Revolution, characterized by their economic stability and influence, typically positioned between the working class and the upper class

Question 22

Ideology of domesticity

Answer 22

A set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle class women in nineteenth century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors and refined activities on the proper sphere for women

Question 23

Lower middle class

Answer 23

• Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, and police officers
• by 1900, this group compromised about 20 percent of Britain’s population

Question 24

Laboring Classes

Answer 24

• hard laborers and manual workers in mines, ports, factories, etc.
• primarily lived in the poor, crowded, and dirty parts of cities cities with polluted water
• faced long hours with little pay

Question 25

Karl Marx

Answer 25

- a 19th-century philosopher, economist, and political theorist whose ideas laid the foundation for modern socialism and communism - best known for his critique of capitalism and his theory of historical materialism, which posits that economic forces drive social change

Question 26

Labour Party

Answer 26

- British working-class political party, established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, providing an alternative to Marxism - Advocated a reformist program and peaceful democratic transition, largely rejecting the class struggle

Question 27

Communist

Answer 27

a political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is collectively owned, eliminating private ownership

Question 28

Culture of consumption

Answer 28

a societal framework where the buying and consumption of goods and services are central to the economic, social, and cultural practices of individuals and communities

Question 29

Socialism in the United States

Answer 29

a small political party movement in the United States where only a small percentage of the population voted for it, because the United States was already fine and doing great in terms of fairness and wages

Question 30

Progressives

Answer 30

Reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way the government works

Question 31

Transformation from above

Answer 31

- Change initiated by the state (ex. autocratic Russia)

Question 32

Russian Revolution 1905

Answer 32

uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy

Question 33

Caudillos

Answer 33

military or political leaders in Latin America, often characterized by their strongman rule and significant influence over regional power dynamics

Question 34

Latin American export boom

Answer 34

- large-scale increase in Latin American exports - mostly raw materials and foodstuffs - happened to industrializing countries in the second half of the 19th century - made possible by major improvements in shipping

Question 35

Mexican Revolution

Answer 35

Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism

Question 36

Dependent development

Answer 36

Theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by reliance on wealthier countries