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AP World History > Unit 7: Global Conflict > Flashcards

Unit 7: Global Conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Reform group in Russia that represented the lower class lead by Vladimir Lenin

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2
Q

Young Turks

A

Reform group in Ottoman Empire that wanted a constitution like Western countries, little Western economic influence, and Turkification

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3
Q

Turkification

A

Effort to make all people of Ottoman Empire, a multiethnic empire, identify as Turkish, which was mostly Islamic.

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4
Q

Turkish National Group

A

Group that defeated British forces in the Ottoman Empire, establishing the land as the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

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5
Q

WWI dates

A

July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

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6
Q

WWII dates

A

September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945

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7
Q

From 1900-1920, explain resistance that took place in some countries?

A

Cause: Internal + External forces
Nations~
- Russia
- China
- Mexico
- Ottoman Empire
Result: New nations + new totalitarian government

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8
Q

Explain the Revolution in Russia

A

Internally: Weak economy and military from no industrialization, problems with lower-class
Externally: Lost both the Crimean War to the Ottomans in 1͟8͟6͟5͟, and the Russo-Japanese war against Japan in 1͟8͟6͟5͟.

Bolshevik Revolution: Bolsheviks supported by the lower class, overthrew the government in 1͟9͟1͟7͟. They established a communist government that made changes like:
- Abolished free trade
- Controlled economy
- Redistributed crops to feed urban workers

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9
Q

Explain the Revolution in China

A

Interally:
- Ethnic problems between Manchu and Han Chinese
- Famine
- Low taxes couldn’t support infrastructure
Externally: Spheres of Influence

Revolution: In 1͟9͟1͟1͟, Sun Yat-Sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty, establishing a new government with traditional Confucian values and Western ideas like democracy. Revolution succeeded but Sun’s weak military gave power to military leaders.

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10
Q

Explain the Mexican revolution

A

Internally: Mexican’s didn’t support Porfirio Diaz’s leadership because he:
- Land distribution
- Large wealth gap
- Jailed election opponents

Revolution: From 1͟9͟1͟0͟-͟1͟9͟2͟0͟, people overthew Porfirion Daiz’s rule.

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11
Q

Explain the Resistance in Ottoman Empire

A

Problem: Decreased power of Ottoman Empire
Resistance: Young Turks created reform to establish a constitution like Western powers, less Western influence on economy, and Turkification.

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12
Q

Events leading to Russia Revolution

A

- Bloody Sunday
- Revolution of 1905
- Russo-Japanese War
- WWI

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13
Q

Bloody Sunday (RUSSIA)

A

Workers protested better working conditions, but many were injured/killed

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14
Q

Revolution of 1905 (RUSSIA)

A

Strikes by angry workers in response to Bloody Sunday

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15
Q

Russo-Japanese War (RUSSIA-JAPAN)

A

Russia & Japan both wanted to expand their influence in Korea, leading them into war. Japan easily defeated Russia which was unusual for a Western power.

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16
Q

Two results of Mexican Revolution

A
  1. Adopted new constitution
  2. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was formed in 1929 which dominated Mexican politics
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17
Q

Why did the Ottoman Empire dislike Europe?

A
  • Economic policies
  • Influence (named Ottoman Empire ‘Puppet State’)
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18
Q

Ottoman Empire in WWI

A

Sided with Germany in Central Powers because of resentment to Western powers like Britian and France.

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19
Q

Puppet State

A

Ottoman Empire was mostly controlled by British forces that wanted to take control of the land.

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20
Q

What was the downfall of the Ottoman Empire?

A

WWI; allied powers beat central powers, splitting up the Ottoman empire into independent states like Turkey

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21
Q

Ataturk

A

First president of Turkey who focused on reform into a Western-style society with little Islamic influence.

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22
Q

Reform Ataturk did in Turkey:

A
  • Established public education
  • Expanded voting
  • Wore and encouraged Western style clothing
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23
Q

Propanganda

A

Propoganda - Media used to influence peoples opinions by exaggeration or misinformation

☆ Goverments used to get people involved in war effort
☆ Typically exaggerated enemies

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24
Q

What event started WWI?

A

Assasination of Franz Ferdinand (archduke of Austro-Hungarian Empire) by the Black Hand to rid Austrian influence in the Balkans.

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25
Q

MAIN cause of WWI: Militarism

A

Militarism - Developing powerful military to compete for strength

  • European powers recruited more and developed new weapons
  • Industrial revolution made it possible to mass produce war supplies
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26
Q

MAIN cause of WWI: Alliances

A

Alliance - agreement between two states for protection if attacked
Tensions caused nations to create alliances:
- Triple Entente (Allies) - Britain, France, Russia
- Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
*☆ Neutral Countries - Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavia
☆ Italy: Switched from Central Powers to Allies in the middle of WWI

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27
Q

MAIN cause of WWI: Imperialism

A

Imperialism - Competition to imperialize land created rivalries between nations

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28
Q

MAIN cause of WWI: Nationalism

A

Nationalism - People united with similar ethnicity, culture, language, politics, while excluding others

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29
Q

Black Hand

A

A serbian nationalist group that wanted to rid Austrian influence in the Balkans.

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30
Q

Patriotism

A

Similiar to Nationalism; Strong identification and loyalty to there people, but without excluding others.

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31
Q

Self Determination

A

Idea that nations should decide how they want to be ruled

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32
Q

Why was WWI called the ‘Great War’?

A

There never had been a war that involved as many nations and casualties.

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33
Q

Total War

A

Everybody involved uses all their resources to win

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34
Q

Why was WWI a total war?

A

Every nation used all there resources to win:
- Women produced food and war supplies
- Men fought in military
- Resources were rationed
- Propaganda

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35
Q

What military developments were in WWI?

A
  • Strategies like trench warfare
  • Weapons like machine guns
  • Chemical weapons like tear gas
  • Transportation like submarines, airplanes, and tanks
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36
Q

Chemical weapons used in WWI

A
  • France developed tear gas which damaged eyes and lungs
  • Germany developed Chlorine gas that destroyed the lungs causing death
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37
Q

Trench Warfare

A

Fought in trenches dug in the ground; filled with water and were unsanitary, leading to health issues

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38
Q

Causes of US entering WWI

A
  1. Sinking of Lusitania: German submarines sunk an American ship, killing more than 100 U.S. citizens
  2. Zimmerman telegram: Telegram sent from Germans to Mexico wanting Mexico to start a war with the US in return for American territory lost from the Mexican-American war; intercepted by the US
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39
Q

Lebensraum

A

German for ‘space’

40
Q

Political causes for Global Conflict in 1900s

A

Alliances
- Allies & Central/Axis powers resented each other
Imperialism
- Japanese imperialism in Asia caused WWII in pacific with US
Nationalism
- Serbian nationalism started WWI
- Facism

41
Q

Economic causes for Global Conflict in 1900s

A

Control of market and resources
- Japanese imperialism caused Japan-US conflict
- Economic suffering led to totalitarian governments

42
Q

Effects of Global Conflict in 1900s

A

1. Power shift from Western Europe to the United States & Soviet Union
2. End of colonial relationships and establishment of new states
- Fall of Ottoman, Russian, & Qing empires
- Establishment of Turkey, India, Poland, etc…
3. Scientific and technological developments
- Ex. atomic bomb, trench warfare, machine guns, firebombing
- Higher casualties

43
Q

Foreign countries involvement in WWI

A

☆ Imperialism made colonies involved WWI.

Japan: Joined Allies to get German pacific islands
Colonies: People joined the military from colonies around the world
ex. Africans, Indians, and Australians fought for Britain
ex. West Africans and Indonesian fought for French

44
Q

Mandate System

A

League of Nations law saying that colonized people in Asia & Africa required rule from advanced nations to survive

45
Q

Effects of WWI

A
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Large # of casualties
  • Increased government authority
  • League of Nations
    • Mandate system
46
Q

What did the United States, France, & Britain want in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

US (Woodrow Wilson): “No one should be highly punished or rewarded. We want peace by doing things in the Fourteen Points.”
France (Georges Clemenceau): “We suffered the most so Germany should be highly punished.”
Britain (David George): “We want to punish Germany but not to much because we still want to trade.”

*☆ Germany wasn’t invited
☆ Russia wasn’t invited because they were in the Communist revolution

47
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Treaty written by Allies at Paris Peace Conference to end WWI that Germany was forced to sign

Treaty of Versailles:
☆ German punishment
- Blamed for war
- Pay high reparations
- Lose territory
- Limit military

48
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Document by Woodrow Wilson that listed things he thought should be made to keep peace after WWI like establishing a League of Nations and self-determination.

49
Q

Impact of WWI on Germany economy

A

Economy was impacted the most. Treaty of Versailles made them pay high reparations putting them in debt. Printed more money, causing hyperinflation.

50
Q

Impact of WWI on colonies economy

A

Economy suffered because they were depended on parent countries that were suffering.

51
Q

Impact of WWI on United States economy

A

Stock Market crash of 1929, causing the Great Depression which left Americans unemployed and in debt, and effected global trade.

52
Q

Impact of WWI on Russia economy

A

Russia’s economy was almost collapsed. Russian president Vladimir Lenin made the New Economic Plan that was UNSUCCESSFUL. Dictator Joseph Stalin came into power and created the 5 year plan that was SEMI-SUCCESSFUL

53
Q

Impact of WWI on Mexico economy

A

Suffered from global Great Depression. After Mexican Revolution, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated politics and improved economy.

54
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Totalitarianism: Government controls everything in society
☆ Facism, Communism, Corporatism
Examples after WWI:
Italy - Facism under Benito Mussolini- corporatism economy
Germany - Totalitarian under Hitler- violated treaty and grew
Brazil - Facism under Getulio Vargas- removed peoples rights and industrialized

55
Q

Facism

A

Government is priority over individual; individuals serve government
- Dictator
- Extreme Nationalism/Fear
- People support everything

56
Q

Corporatism

A

Each part of economy are like different organs in the body, free to organize itself as long as it does its part in the economy

57
Q

How did the US get out of the Great Depression?

A

New Deal + WWII

58
Q

New Deal

A

Policies made US president Franklin Roosevelt to bring the US relief, recovery, & reform. Made with John Maynard Keynes ideas against Laissez-Faire about how “The government needs to be involved and stimulate the economy back by deficit spending.”

59
Q

Institutional Revolutionary Party

A

Political party that dominated Mexico’s politics in the 1900s.
Impact:
- Grew oil industry
- Public Education
- Jobs

60
Q

Politics in Russia after Russian Revolution

A

People resented Bolshevik communist rule, so they revolted causing the Russian Civil War. In 1921, Vladimir Lenin made the New Economic Plan which allow some free trade (UNSUCCESSFUL).
After Vladimir Lenin’s death, Joseph Lenin took control and made the Five Year Plan to industrialize Russia. One thing he did was the collectivization of land, which caused revolts by farmers where they would burn crops and kill livestock.

61
Q

Anti-imperial resistance in India

A
  • Formed Indian National Congress to address India’s want for independence
  • Massacre of Amritsar - British soldiers shot at protestors, causing many casualties
  • Mohandas Gandhi lead nonviolent protests against like the salt march and the homespun movement
    • Salt March: Indians marched to pick up salt from the ocean in protest of prohibition of Indians producing salt
    • Homespun movement: Indians made homemade clothes to protest against British textile industry
62
Q

Anti-Imperial Resistance in Korea

A

Causes:
- Japanese imperialism in Southeast Asia
- Mysterious death of Emporer

March 1st Movement - 2 million Koreans protested against Japanese colonial rule

63
Q

Anti-Imperial Resistance in China

A

Cause: Promised German land in Asia for helping Allies in WWI, but Allies gave land to Japan.

May 4th Movement - Anti-Japanese protests
After resistance, two parties fought for political control:
1) Chinese Communist Party
2) Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)

64
Q

Anti-Imperial Resistance in West Africa

A

Cause: Western educated Africans spread enlightenment ideas

Worker Strikes - railway and other workers striking

65
Q

Self-Determination

A

Belief that the country should decide who rules it.
☆ European nations only granted to Eastern Europe after WWI

66
Q

Pan-Arabism

A

Wanted unification of North Africa and Middle East.
☆ Supported by nationalist resistance against the mandate system because British and France controlled Middle East nations.

67
Q

Manchukuo

A

Japan established from Northern China land; Puppet state of Japan

68
Q

Causes of WWII

A

Unfair Treaty of Versailles
- Reparations - High reparations collapsed German economy
- Land - German land given to Allies- France got Rhineland
- War Guilt Clause - Germany blamed for WWI
Rise of Nazis
- Germans supported Nazis ideas to make Germany powerful again, and solve there problems
- Hitler lead Nazi party, blaming Jews for Germany’s problems which created anti-semetic laws
Appeasement - Allies allowing Germany’s demands, as long as it kept peace to prevent war. Allowed Germany to continue growing.

69
Q

What event started WWII?

A

Europe - Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1st, 1939, after invading other European countries like Austria & Czechoslovakia
Pacific - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7th, 1941

70
Q

Anti-Seminitism in Germany

A

Nuremberg Laws - Laws that restricted Jews rights
Kristallnacht - Anti-Jewish riots
Holocost - Genocide of Jews by concentration camps

71
Q

Who did German alliance with in WWII?

A

Built the Axis powers with:
1) Rome-Berlin Axis: Germany-Italy
2) Anti-Comintern Pact: Germany-Japan

72
Q

How did Hitler break the Treaty of Versailles?

A

1) Built military
2) Didn’t pay reparations
3) Sent troops to Rhineland

73
Q

WWI / WWII similarities

A
  • Total war
  • Technological developments
  • Colonies fought for parent countries
74
Q

Timeline of end of WWII

A

1943 - Allies defeated Italy
1944 - Allies pushed Nazis out of France
1945 - Germany and Japan surrender

75
Q

WWII European Theatre

A

After WWII started, Germany invaded territories by Blitzkrieg. For example, Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and split the land with Russia because of the Non-Aggression pact. Later, Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and France. United States provided help to Britain with agreements like the Lend-Lease Act. Germany invaded Britain in the Battle of Britain, but failed so they looked to Soviet Union and invaded them in 1941 which violated the Non-Aggression pact.

76
Q

WWII Pacific Theatre

A

Japanese imperial expansion continued in Asia, but the Non Aggression Pact prevented expansion Siberia in, so they expaned into Southeast Asia instead. In places controlled by the US, the US put sanctions on Japan that hurt Japanese economy. In retaliation, Japan attacked a US military base in Hawaii named Pearl Harbor in 1941. As a result, the US declared war on Japan, bringing the US into WWII.

77
Q

Blitzkrieg

A

Quick attacks using lots of force at once

78
Q

Non Aggression Pact

A

Agreement between Russia and Germany (Japan-Italy ally) that prevented any expansion into Russia

79
Q

Military developments in WWII

A

Atomic bombs, firebombing

80
Q

Why did Japanese continue to expand during 1900s?

A
  • Grow Japan into powerful nation
  • Resources for industrialization AND war effort
81
Q

What agreements did the US make to help Britain in WWII?

A

(In order)
1) Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement
2) Lend-Lease Act
3) Atlantic Charter

82
Q

D-Day (WWII)

A

Large invasion on Normandy, France that drove Nazis out of France.

83
Q

Battle of Britain (WWII)

A

Battle when Germany invaded cities in Britain for months, where Britian unexpectedly won

84
Q

Seige of Leningrad (WWII)

A

Battle between Soviet Union and Germany in the city of Leningrad, where Soviets won but millions of soviets died.

85
Q

Pearl Harbor (WWII)

A

Retaliation to US sanctions on Japanese colonies. It globalized the war even more, with the US declaring war in 1941.

86
Q

Four main causes of death in 1900s:

A

1) Famine
2) Disease
3) Firebombing
4) Genocide

87
Q

Ukraine Famine

A

Resentment from land collectivization which forced farmers to feed crops to urban workers, lead farmers to burn there crops and kill their livestock causing massive famine that killed 7-10 million peasants

88
Q

Influenza Pandemic (1918-1919)

A

Soldiers brung influenza home and spread, killing 20 million people

89
Q

Firebombing

A

Bombs that blasted apart and started a fire; more destructive than regular bombs

  • Allies used in German cities
  • US used in Japan
90
Q

Genocide

A

Genocide - killing of large group of people of a specific ethnicity or nationality

Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Bosnia
Rwanda

91
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

In Turkey, Armenian Christians were killed because Ottomans blamed them for helping there enemy Russia.

92
Q

Genocide- Holocaust

A

In German territory, Jews were sent to concentration camps to be killed along with disabled people, homosexuals, etc…

93
Q

Genocide- Bosnia

A

Serbian leader led a campaign to kill all Muslims

94
Q

Genocide- Rwanda

A

Belgium colony made of two ethnic groups: Hutus (majority) and Tutsis (minority). Hutus resented Tutsis because the Tutsis were favored by Belgium, so they killed the Tutsis.

95
Q

____ died in WWI
____ died in WWII

A

20 million; 75 million

AP World History (9 decks)

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