Unit 7: Global Conflict Flashcards
Bolsheviks
Reform group in Russia that represented the lower class lead by Vladimir Lenin
Young Turks
Reform group in Ottoman Empire that wanted a constitution like Western countries, little Western economic influence, and Turkification
Turkification
Effort to make all people of Ottoman Empire, a multiethnic empire, identify as Turkish, which was mostly Islamic.
Turkish National Group
Group that defeated British forces in the Ottoman Empire, establishing the land as the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
WWI dates
July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918
WWII dates
September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945
From 1900-1920, explain resistance that took place in some countries?
Cause: Internal + External forces
Nations~
- Russia
- China
- Mexico
- Ottoman Empire
Result: New nations + new totalitarian government
Explain the Revolution in Russia
Internally: Weak economy and military from no industrialization, problems with lower-class
Externally: Lost both the Crimean War to the Ottomans in 1͟8͟6͟5͟, and the Russo-Japanese war against Japan in 1͟8͟6͟5͟.
Bolshevik Revolution: Bolsheviks supported by the lower class, overthrew the government in 1͟9͟1͟7͟. They established a communist government that made changes like:
- Abolished free trade
- Controlled economy
- Redistributed crops to feed urban workers
Explain the Revolution in China
Interally:
- Ethnic problems between Manchu and Han Chinese
- Famine
- Low taxes couldn’t support infrastructure
Externally: Spheres of Influence
Revolution: In 1͟9͟1͟1͟, Sun Yat-Sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty, establishing a new government with traditional Confucian values and Western ideas like democracy. Revolution succeeded but Sun’s weak military gave power to military leaders.
Explain the Mexican revolution
Internally: Mexican’s didn’t support Porfirio Diaz’s leadership because he:
- Land distribution
- Large wealth gap
- Jailed election opponents
Revolution: From 1͟9͟1͟0͟-͟1͟9͟2͟0͟, people overthew Porfirion Daiz’s rule.
Explain the Resistance in Ottoman Empire
Problem: Decreased power of Ottoman Empire
Resistance: Young Turks created reform to establish a constitution like Western powers, less Western influence on economy, and Turkification.
Events leading to Russia Revolution
- Bloody Sunday
- Revolution of 1905
- Russo-Japanese War
- WWI
Bloody Sunday (RUSSIA)
Workers protested better working conditions, but many were injured/killed
Revolution of 1905 (RUSSIA)
Strikes by angry workers in response to Bloody Sunday
Russo-Japanese War (RUSSIA-JAPAN)
Russia & Japan both wanted to expand their influence in Korea, leading them into war. Japan easily defeated Russia which was unusual for a Western power.
Two results of Mexican Revolution
- Adopted new constitution
- Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was formed in 1929 which dominated Mexican politics
Why did the Ottoman Empire dislike Europe?
- Economic policies
- Influence (named Ottoman Empire ‘Puppet State’)
Ottoman Empire in WWI
Sided with Germany in Central Powers because of resentment to Western powers like Britian and France.
Puppet State
Ottoman Empire was mostly controlled by British forces that wanted to take control of the land.
What was the downfall of the Ottoman Empire?
WWI; allied powers beat central powers, splitting up the Ottoman empire into independent states like Turkey
Ataturk
First president of Turkey who focused on reform into a Western-style society with little Islamic influence.
Reform Ataturk did in Turkey:
- Established public education
- Expanded voting
- Wore and encouraged Western style clothing
Propanganda
Propoganda - Media used to influence peoples opinions by exaggeration or misinformation
☆ Goverments used to get people involved in war effort
☆ Typically exaggerated enemies
What event started WWI?
Assasination of Franz Ferdinand (archduke of Austro-Hungarian Empire) by the Black Hand to rid Austrian influence in the Balkans.
MAIN cause of WWI: Militarism
Militarism - Developing powerful military to compete for strength
- European powers recruited more and developed new weapons
- Industrial revolution made it possible to mass produce war supplies
MAIN cause of WWI: Alliances
Alliance - agreement between two states for protection if attacked
Tensions caused nations to create alliances:
- Triple Entente (Allies) - Britain, France, Russia
- Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
*☆ Neutral Countries - Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavia
☆ Italy: Switched from Central Powers to Allies in the middle of WWI
MAIN cause of WWI: Imperialism
Imperialism - Competition to imperialize land created rivalries between nations
MAIN cause of WWI: Nationalism
Nationalism - People united with similar ethnicity, culture, language, politics, while excluding others
Black Hand
A serbian nationalist group that wanted to rid Austrian influence in the Balkans.
Patriotism
Similiar to Nationalism; Strong identification and loyalty to there people, but without excluding others.
Self Determination
Idea that nations should decide how they want to be ruled
Why was WWI called the ‘Great War’?
There never had been a war that involved as many nations and casualties.
Total War
Everybody involved uses all their resources to win
Why was WWI a total war?
Every nation used all there resources to win:
- Women produced food and war supplies
- Men fought in military
- Resources were rationed
- Propaganda
What military developments were in WWI?
- Strategies like trench warfare
- Weapons like machine guns
- Chemical weapons like tear gas
- Transportation like submarines, airplanes, and tanks
Chemical weapons used in WWI
- France developed tear gas which damaged eyes and lungs
- Germany developed Chlorine gas that destroyed the lungs causing death
Trench Warfare
Fought in trenches dug in the ground; filled with water and were unsanitary, leading to health issues
Causes of US entering WWI
- Sinking of Lusitania: German submarines sunk an American ship, killing more than 100 U.S. citizens
- Zimmerman telegram: Telegram sent from Germans to Mexico wanting Mexico to start a war with the US in return for American territory lost from the Mexican-American war; intercepted by the US
Lebensraum
German for ‘space’
Political causes for Global Conflict in 1900s
Alliances
- Allies & Central/Axis powers resented each other
Imperialism
- Japanese imperialism in Asia caused WWII in pacific with US
Nationalism
- Serbian nationalism started WWI
- Facism
Economic causes for Global Conflict in 1900s
Control of market and resources
- Japanese imperialism caused Japan-US conflict
- Economic suffering led to totalitarian governments
Effects of Global Conflict in 1900s
1. Power shift from Western Europe to the United States & Soviet Union
2. End of colonial relationships and establishment of new states
- Fall of Ottoman, Russian, & Qing empires
- Establishment of Turkey, India, Poland, etc…
3. Scientific and technological developments
- Ex. atomic bomb, trench warfare, machine guns, firebombing
- Higher casualties
Foreign countries involvement in WWI
☆ Imperialism made colonies involved WWI.
Japan: Joined Allies to get German pacific islands
Colonies: People joined the military from colonies around the world
ex. Africans, Indians, and Australians fought for Britain
ex. West Africans and Indonesian fought for French
Mandate System
League of Nations law saying that colonized people in Asia & Africa required rule from advanced nations to survive
Effects of WWI
- Treaty of Versailles
- Large # of casualties
- Increased government authority
- League of Nations
- Mandate system
What did the United States, France, & Britain want in the Treaty of Versailles?
US (Woodrow Wilson): “No one should be highly punished or rewarded. We want peace by doing things in the Fourteen Points.”
France (Georges Clemenceau): “We suffered the most so Germany should be highly punished.”
Britain (David George): “We want to punish Germany but not to much because we still want to trade.”
*☆ Germany wasn’t invited
☆ Russia wasn’t invited because they were in the Communist revolution
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty written by Allies at Paris Peace Conference to end WWI that Germany was forced to sign
Treaty of Versailles:
☆ German punishment
- Blamed for war
- Pay high reparations
- Lose territory
- Limit military
Fourteen Points
Document by Woodrow Wilson that listed things he thought should be made to keep peace after WWI like establishing a League of Nations and self-determination.
Impact of WWI on Germany economy
Economy was impacted the most. Treaty of Versailles made them pay high reparations putting them in debt. Printed more money, causing hyperinflation.
Impact of WWI on colonies economy
Economy suffered because they were depended on parent countries that were suffering.
Impact of WWI on United States economy
Stock Market crash of 1929, causing the Great Depression which left Americans unemployed and in debt, and effected global trade.
Impact of WWI on Russia economy
Russia’s economy was almost collapsed. Russian president Vladimir Lenin made the New Economic Plan that was UNSUCCESSFUL. Dictator Joseph Stalin came into power and created the 5 year plan that was SEMI-SUCCESSFUL
Impact of WWI on Mexico economy
Suffered from global Great Depression. After Mexican Revolution, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated politics and improved economy.
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism: Government controls everything in society
☆ Facism, Communism, Corporatism
Examples after WWI:
Italy - Facism under Benito Mussolini- corporatism economy
Germany - Totalitarian under Hitler- violated treaty and grew
Brazil - Facism under Getulio Vargas- removed peoples rights and industrialized
Facism
Government is priority over individual; individuals serve government
- Dictator
- Extreme Nationalism/Fear
- People support everything
Corporatism
Each part of economy are like different organs in the body, free to organize itself as long as it does its part in the economy
How did the US get out of the Great Depression?
New Deal + WWII
New Deal
Policies made US president Franklin Roosevelt to bring the US relief, recovery, & reform. Made with John Maynard Keynes ideas against Laissez-Faire about how “The government needs to be involved and stimulate the economy back by deficit spending.”
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Political party that dominated Mexico’s politics in the 1900s.
Impact:
- Grew oil industry
- Public Education
- Jobs
Politics in Russia after Russian Revolution
People resented Bolshevik communist rule, so they revolted causing the Russian Civil War. In 1921, Vladimir Lenin made the New Economic Plan which allow some free trade (UNSUCCESSFUL).
After Vladimir Lenin’s death, Joseph Lenin took control and made the Five Year Plan to industrialize Russia. One thing he did was the collectivization of land, which caused revolts by farmers where they would burn crops and kill livestock.
Anti-imperial resistance in India
- Formed Indian National Congress to address India’s want for independence
- Massacre of Amritsar - British soldiers shot at protestors, causing many casualties
- Mohandas Gandhi lead nonviolent protests against like the salt march and the homespun movement
- Salt March: Indians marched to pick up salt from the ocean in protest of prohibition of Indians producing salt
- Homespun movement: Indians made homemade clothes to protest against British textile industry
Anti-Imperial Resistance in Korea
Causes:
- Japanese imperialism in Southeast Asia
- Mysterious death of Emporer
March 1st Movement - 2 million Koreans protested against Japanese colonial rule
Anti-Imperial Resistance in China
Cause: Promised German land in Asia for helping Allies in WWI, but Allies gave land to Japan.
May 4th Movement - Anti-Japanese protests
After resistance, two parties fought for political control:
1) Chinese Communist Party
2) Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)
Anti-Imperial Resistance in West Africa
Cause: Western educated Africans spread enlightenment ideas
Worker Strikes - railway and other workers striking
Self-Determination
Belief that the country should decide who rules it.
☆ European nations only granted to Eastern Europe after WWI
Pan-Arabism
Wanted unification of North Africa and Middle East.
☆ Supported by nationalist resistance against the mandate system because British and France controlled Middle East nations.
Manchukuo
Japan established from Northern China land; Puppet state of Japan
Causes of WWII
Unfair Treaty of Versailles
- Reparations - High reparations collapsed German economy
- Land - German land given to Allies- France got Rhineland
- War Guilt Clause - Germany blamed for WWI
Rise of Nazis
- Germans supported Nazis ideas to make Germany powerful again, and solve there problems
- Hitler lead Nazi party, blaming Jews for Germany’s problems which created anti-semetic laws
Appeasement - Allies allowing Germany’s demands, as long as it kept peace to prevent war. Allowed Germany to continue growing.
What event started WWII?
Europe - Germany invaded Poland on Sept. 1st, 1939, after invading other European countries like Austria & Czechoslovakia
Pacific - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7th, 1941
Anti-Seminitism in Germany
Nuremberg Laws - Laws that restricted Jews rights
Kristallnacht - Anti-Jewish riots
Holocost - Genocide of Jews by concentration camps
Who did German alliance with in WWII?
Built the Axis powers with:
1) Rome-Berlin Axis: Germany-Italy
2) Anti-Comintern Pact: Germany-Japan
How did Hitler break the Treaty of Versailles?
1) Built military
2) Didn’t pay reparations
3) Sent troops to Rhineland
WWI / WWII similarities
- Total war
- Technological developments
- Colonies fought for parent countries
Timeline of end of WWII
1943 - Allies defeated Italy
1944 - Allies pushed Nazis out of France
1945 - Germany and Japan surrender
WWII European Theatre
After WWII started, Germany invaded territories by Blitzkrieg. For example, Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and split the land with Russia because of the Non-Aggression pact. Later, Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and France. United States provided help to Britain with agreements like the Lend-Lease Act. Germany invaded Britain in the Battle of Britain, but failed so they looked to Soviet Union and invaded them in 1941 which violated the Non-Aggression pact.
WWII Pacific Theatre
Japanese imperial expansion continued in Asia, but the Non Aggression Pact prevented expansion Siberia in, so they expaned into Southeast Asia instead. In places controlled by the US, the US put sanctions on Japan that hurt Japanese economy. In retaliation, Japan attacked a US military base in Hawaii named Pearl Harbor in 1941. As a result, the US declared war on Japan, bringing the US into WWII.
Blitzkrieg
Quick attacks using lots of force at once
Non Aggression Pact
Agreement between Russia and Germany (Japan-Italy ally) that prevented any expansion into Russia
Military developments in WWII
Atomic bombs, firebombing
Why did Japanese continue to expand during 1900s?
- Grow Japan into powerful nation
- Resources for industrialization AND war effort
What agreements did the US make to help Britain in WWII?
(In order)
1) Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement
2) Lend-Lease Act
3) Atlantic Charter
D-Day (WWII)
Large invasion on Normandy, France that drove Nazis out of France.
Battle of Britain (WWII)
Battle when Germany invaded cities in Britain for months, where Britian unexpectedly won
Seige of Leningrad (WWII)
Battle between Soviet Union and Germany in the city of Leningrad, where Soviets won but millions of soviets died.
Pearl Harbor (WWII)
Retaliation to US sanctions on Japanese colonies. It globalized the war even more, with the US declaring war in 1941.
Four main causes of death in 1900s:
1) Famine
2) Disease
3) Firebombing
4) Genocide
Ukraine Famine
Resentment from land collectivization which forced farmers to feed crops to urban workers, lead farmers to burn there crops and kill their livestock causing massive famine that killed 7-10 million peasants
Influenza Pandemic (1918-1919)
Soldiers brung influenza home and spread, killing 20 million people
Firebombing
Bombs that blasted apart and started a fire; more destructive than regular bombs
- Allies used in German cities
- US used in Japan
Genocide
Genocide - killing of large group of people of a specific ethnicity or nationality
Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Bosnia
Rwanda
Armenian Genocide
In Turkey, Armenian Christians were killed because Ottomans blamed them for helping there enemy Russia.
Genocide- Holocaust
In German territory, Jews were sent to concentration camps to be killed along with disabled people, homosexuals, etc…
Genocide- Bosnia
Serbian leader led a campaign to kill all Muslims
Genocide- Rwanda
Belgium colony made of two ethnic groups: Hutus (majority) and Tutsis (minority). Hutus resented Tutsis because the Tutsis were favored by Belgium, so they killed the Tutsis.
____ died in WWI
____ died in WWII
20 million; 75 million
