Unit 4: Transoceanic Ocean Connections Flashcards
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450-1750
Cross-cultural interactions resulted in Europe gaining the knowledge and technologies that allowed them to begin their global maritime explorations. Muslims were the middlemen in interactions between Europe and Asia.
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450-1750
States financially supported maritime exploration because of:
๐๐ผ๐น๐ฑ: Find resources like gold/silver
๐๐ผ๐ฑ: โDutyโ to convert foreign people
๐๐น๐ผ๐ฟ๐: Competition between states to expand and conquer lands first
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime technology
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
- Cross-cultural interactions
- Advances in ideas and technology (cartography, astrolabe, rudder, compass, lateen sail, etcโฆ)
๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ:
- Safer and faster trade
- European global exploration
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
- European Colonization
๐๐๐๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ:
- Exchange of crops and livestock which increased population (horses, sugarcane, potatoes)
- Exchange of diseases that wiped out Native Americans
- Exchange of African slaves and their culture diffusions (African Diaspora- creole languages, music, food)
- American land agricultural degradation
- Demographic changes in Europe, America, and Africa
Mercantilism
Mercantilism - idea that a nationโs wealth was measured by things like gold, and was best done by increasing exports and decreasing imports. They also believed that there was a certain amount of wealth in the world, which motivated them to become wealthy before others.
What were the different systems of labor in America?
๐๐ต๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐น ๐๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ (๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ) - Most common in America; Africans were owned as property
๐๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ (๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ต) - Spanish who traveled to America were granted land that they rented to lowerclassmen; wealthy from sugarcane
๐๐ป๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ (๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ต) - Similar to feudalism; nobles gave protection to lowerclassmen for labor
๐ ๐ถ๐โ๐ฎ ๐๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ (๐๐ป๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ป-๐ฃ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐๐ด๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ) - Forced people to work on public projects like mines for small pay
๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ฑ๐ฒ (๐๐ป๐ด๐น๐ถ๐๐ต) - Lowerclassmen forced to work for a certain time until they were free
What were the internal and external conflicts in 1450-1750?
๐๐
๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ฎ๐น:
Portuguese vs. African empires like Ndongo
Europeans vs. Native Americans
๐๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ฎ๐น:
Russian peasant rebellions
Nobles vs. royalty
What did the Manchu continue and change during there establishment of the Qing Empire?
CONTINUED: Manchu kept traditional Chinese practices like a bureaucracy, civil service exam, etcโฆ
NEW: Government officials were required to wear there hair in traditional Manchu queues
What was the columbian exchange?
Biological exchange of animals, people, food, and diseases between the Eastern hemisphere (America) and Western hemispheres (Afro-Eurasia)
What are the types of ships used?
Three fast ships because of Lateen sail use:
- Caravel
- Carrack
- Fluyt
How did the global flow of silver change societies?
Silver from European colonies became the global currency. Also created economic growth; asian goods were traded for silver.
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.
European states sponsored global exploration. Maritime empires were established with colonies in America and trading posts in Africa and Asia.
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.
๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ด๐ฒ๐:
- European dominated trade with Trading posts & joint-stock companies
- Transatlantic trade
- New labor systems using Africans
๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
- Mitโa labor system
- Indian Ocean trade
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.
๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ด๐ฒ๐:
- Chattel Slavery (America) - Most used
- Hacienda (Spanish)
- Encomiendas (Spanish)
- Indentured Servitude (English)
๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
- Mitโa System (Incan-Portuguese)
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.
Mercantilist ideas were used by European rulers to explore territories and expand economies. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. ex. Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.
Changes:
- Transatlantic Trade
- Joint-stock companies
- Trading posts
- Indian Ocean trade; run by Europeans
Continuities:
- Indian Ocean trade; patterns of trade
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.
Political: European states took control of trading posts and New World from natives.
Economic: European states had economic desires (mercantilism) that caused the Europeans leading global trade with Transatlantic trade / columbian exchange and controlling Indian Ocean trade.
Cultural: Religion motivated exploration and justified European rule over Natives. African culture was spread to America and diffused with European culture. ex. West African religion and Christianity formed African church
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.
Interactions between both hemispheres expanded existing religions, and developed syncretic religions and practices. ex. West African religion syncretized with Christianity
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.
State expansion/centralization led to resistance from groups challenged existing authorities. ex. Slaves rebellions in Americas established Maroon societies.
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.
- Different treatment of groups in society:
- Western Europe banned Jews
- Manchu (Qing Dynasty) restricted Han
Chinese - States like Ottomans & Mughal Empires supported diversity compared to other places
- New Elite groups
- Ottoman timars
- Russian boyars
- European nobility
Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.
Migration of Africans and Europeans to America created hierarchy based on skin color
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Treaty of Tordesillas which split the Americas by a line because of the Portuguese-Spanish dispute. Spain got most of it, Portuguese got Brazil.
Trading Post Empires
Empire controlling major trade hubs instead of land masses for wealth
Joint Stock Companies
Privately owned trading companies by investors
- Less risky; investors shared risks
- British East India Company & Dutch East India Company
Commercial Revolution
Silver became currency in global economy
Three revolts in Americas
Mฬฒaฬฒrฬฒoฬฒoฬฒnฬฒ ฬฒWฬฒaฬฒrฬฒsฬฒ - Caribbean slaves fought for freedom
Sฬฒtฬฒoฬฒnฬฒoฬฒ ฬฒRฬฒeฬฒbฬฒeฬฒlฬฒlฬฒiฬฒoฬฒnฬฒ - American slaves caused chaos to fight British; British won
Mฬฒeฬฒtฬฒaฬฒcฬฒoฬฒmฬฒsฬฒ ฬฒWฬฒaฬฒrฬฒ - Natives attempt to defeat British; Colonists won
Give a summary of Unit 4 (Transoceanic Ocean Connections)******
World was connected economically, politically, and culturally. Better technology allowed Afro-Eurasia to connect with the Americas, creating maritime trading empires. Development in Western European nations became about exploiting natural resources and wealth. Interactions were spread and syncretized with others.
European Exploration established European maritime empires, infusing America into the Global economy causing many developments and changes in all 5 continents
What was the effect of being religiously tolerant on the economy?
Being religiously tolerant attracted minorities utilized the contributions of them
ex. Jews banned from Western Europe went to Ottoman Empire
