Unit 4: Transoceanic Ocean Connections

Question 1

Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450-1750

Answer 1

Cross-cultural interactions resulted in Europe gaining the knowledge and technologies that allowed them to begin their global maritime explorations. Muslims were the middlemen in interactions between Europe and Asia.

Question 2

Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450-1750

Answer 2

States financially supported maritime exploration because of:

𝗚𝗼𝗹𝗱: Find resources like gold/silver
𝗚𝗼𝗱: “Duty” to convert foreign people
𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗿𝘆: Competition between states to expand and conquer lands first

Question 3

Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime technology

Answer 3

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬:
- Cross-cultural interactions
- Advances in ideas and technology (cartography, astrolabe, rudder, compass, lateen sail, etc…)

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
- Safer and faster trade
- European global exploration

Question 4

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Answer 4

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬:
- European Colonization

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
- Exchange of crops and livestock which increased population (horses, sugarcane, potatoes)
- Exchange of diseases that wiped out Native Americans
- Exchange of African slaves and their culture diffusions (African Diaspora- creole languages, music, food)
- American land agricultural degradation
- Demographic changes in Europe, America, and Africa

Question 5

Mercantilism

Answer 5

Mercantilism - idea that a nation’s wealth was measured by things like gold, and was best done by increasing exports and decreasing imports. They also believed that there was a certain amount of wealth in the world, which motivated them to become wealthy before others.

Question 6

What were the different systems of labor in America?

Answer 6

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗹 𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 (𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮) - Most common in America; Africans were owned as property
𝗛𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 (𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵) - Spanish who traveled to America were granted land that they rented to lowerclassmen; wealthy from sugarcane
𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘀 (𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵) - Similar to feudalism; nobles gave protection to lowerclassmen for labor
𝗠𝗶𝘁’𝗮 𝘀𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 (𝗜𝗻𝗰𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗴𝘂𝗲𝘀𝗲) - Forced people to work on public projects like mines for small pay
𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲 (𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵) - Lowerclassmen forced to work for a certain time until they were free

Question 7

What were the internal and external conflicts in 1450-1750?

Answer 7

𝗘𝘅𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹:
Portuguese vs. African empires like Ndongo
Europeans vs. Native Americans
𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹:
Russian peasant rebellions
Nobles vs. royalty

Question 8

What did the Manchu continue and change during there establishment of the Qing Empire?

Answer 8

CONTINUED: Manchu kept traditional Chinese practices like a bureaucracy, civil service exam, etc…
NEW: Government officials were required to wear there hair in traditional Manchu queues

Question 9

What was the columbian exchange?

Answer 9

Biological exchange of animals, people, food, and diseases between the Eastern hemisphere (America) and Western hemispheres (Afro-Eurasia)

Question 10

What are the types of ships used?

Answer 10

Three fast ships because of Lateen sail use:
- Caravel
- Carrack
- Fluyt

Question 11

How did the global flow of silver change societies?

Answer 11

Silver from European colonies became the global currency. Also created economic growth; asian goods were traded for silver.

Question 12

Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 12

European states sponsored global exploration. Maritime empires were established with colonies in America and trading posts in Africa and Asia.

Question 13

Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 13

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
- European dominated trade with Trading posts & joint-stock companies
- Transatlantic trade
- New labor systems using Africans
𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀:
- Mit’a labor system
- Indian Ocean trade

Question 14

Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 14

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
- Chattel Slavery (America) - Most used
- Hacienda (Spanish)
- Encomiendas (Spanish)
- Indentured Servitude (English)
𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗲𝘀:
- Mit’a System (Incan-Portuguese)

Question 15

Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 15

Mercantilist ideas were used by European rulers to explore territories and expand economies. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. ex. Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

Question 16

Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 16

Changes:
- Transatlantic Trade
- Joint-stock companies
- Trading posts
- Indian Ocean trade; run by Europeans
Continuities:
- Indian Ocean trade; patterns of trade

Question 17

Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 17

Political: European states took control of trading posts and New World from natives.

Economic: European states had economic desires (mercantilism) that caused the Europeans leading global trade with Transatlantic trade / columbian exchange and controlling Indian Ocean trade.

Cultural: Religion motivated exploration and justified European rule over Natives. African culture was spread to America and diffused with European culture. ex. West African religion and Christianity formed African church

Question 18

Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 18

Interactions between both hemispheres expanded existing religions, and developed syncretic religions and practices. ex. West African religion syncretized with Christianity

Question 19

Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.

Answer 19

State expansion/centralization led to resistance from groups challenged existing authorities. ex. Slaves rebellions in Americas established Maroon societies.

Question 20

Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

Answer 20

• Different treatment of groups in society:
  - Western Europe banned Jews
  - Manchu (Qing Dynasty) restricted Han
  Chinese
• States like Ottomans & Mughal Empires supported diversity compared to other places
• New Elite groups
  - Ottoman timars
  - Russian boyars
  - European nobility

Question 21

Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

Answer 21

Migration of Africans and Europeans to America created hierarchy based on skin color

Question 22

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Answer 22

Treaty of Tordesillas which split the Americas by a line because of the Portuguese-Spanish dispute. Spain got most of it, Portuguese got Brazil.

Question 23

Trading Post Empires

Answer 23

Empire controlling major trade hubs instead of land masses for wealth

Question 24

Joint Stock Companies

Answer 24

Privately owned trading companies by investors

• Less risky; investors shared risks
• British East India Company & Dutch East India Company

Question 25

Commercial Revolution

Answer 25

Silver became currency in global economy

Question 26

Three revolts in Americas

Answer 26

M̲a̲r̲o̲o̲n̲ ̲W̲a̲r̲s̲ - Caribbean slaves fought for freedom
S̲t̲o̲n̲o̲ ̲R̲e̲b̲e̲l̲l̲i̲o̲n̲ - American slaves caused chaos to fight British; British won
M̲e̲t̲a̲c̲o̲m̲s̲ ̲W̲a̲r̲ - Natives attempt to defeat British; Colonists won

Question 27

Give a summary of Unit 4 (Transoceanic Ocean Connections)******

Answer 27

World was connected economically, politically, and culturally. Better technology allowed Afro-Eurasia to connect with the Americas, creating maritime trading empires. Development in Western European nations became about exploiting natural resources and wealth. Interactions were spread and syncretized with others.
European Exploration established European maritime empires, infusing America into the Global economy causing many developments and changes in all 5 continents

Question 28

What was the effect of being religiously tolerant on the economy?

Answer 28

Being religiously tolerant attracted minorities utilized the contributions of them
ex. Jews banned from Western Europe went to Ottoman Empire