Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Question 1

Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world.

Answer 1

Enlightenment applied new ideas through empiricist approaches to the natural world and human relationships; reevaluating the role that religion had in government. These ideas conflicted with old ones supported by higher classes, leading to revolutions.

Ideas:

1. Natural rights
2. Government had social contract with people, and not involved in economy (capitalism)
3. God created the world that put natural laws in motion, but isn’t involved in history (Deism)

Question 2

Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

Answer 2

Influenced revolutions and movements which contributed to social and political changes.

-Natural rights for everybody including women and slaves
-Fall of monarchies and loyalty of people to a nation, not ruler
-Rise of new government structures like three branches in US

Question 3

Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900

Answer 3

𝗖𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀:
- 𝑬𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 teachings convinced people they deserved a different government that protected natural rights
- 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒎 created a unified force that threatened existing political authority. As a result, the American Revolution successfully established a new nation, which inspired the revolutions after.

𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀:
- Establishment of new nation-states, especially in the Americas
- Movements that fought for rights

Question 4

What factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900?

Answer 4

6 main factors contributed to the growth of industrialization:

1. 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒔 - Agriculture productivity caused increased population and urbanization; provided factory labor
   a. Agriculture productivity increased food production. New methods like crop rotation, and technology like seed drills were used.
   b. Low demand for agricultural labor migrated people from rural areas to urban areas
2. 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 - raw materials from Britain and colonies around the world
   a. Coal - Main resource that started the revolution… positive economic impact from energy, negative social impact from pollution
3. 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 - Cheap/easy trade
4. 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 - New technologies (water frame, spinning jenny) and labor systems (assembly line)
5. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚 - Entrepreneurs businesses were protected
6. 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍

Question 5

Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

Answer 5

During the first Industrial Revolution, Europe followed Britain’s industrialization because of similar factors (water transport, raw materials, capital, etc…) which later spread to other countries like the United States, Russia, and Japan which increased Western global production. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries CONTINUED to produce manufactured goods, there global manufacturing declined.

Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing:
- Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia
- Iron works in India
- Textile production in India and Egypt

Question 6

Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

Answer 6

1. 𝗘𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗰 - Goods were manufactured and moved farther more efficiently
   a. 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝 - Railroad connecting East and West coast that fostered U.S growth
   b. 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬-𝐒𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝 - Railroad through Russia connecting Europe to Pacific Ocean
2. 𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰𝘀 - Better travel and communication increased migration, especially in the U.S
3. Industrial Revolution developments 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗲𝗱 manufacturers, customers, and investors globally for the first time.

Question 7

How did the Cotton Industry change in Britain because of the Industrialization?

Answer 7

Before industrialization, Britain built there Cotton industry around the slow process of women weaving raw cotton grown in America. The high demand for cotton inspired the development of technologies that sped up the process. As Industrialized Britain out-competed others in the cotton industry, it had higher demand as work was done from factories instead of homes.

Question 8

What factory technology/systems was a factor in the industrial revolution?

Answer 8

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 (Richard Hargreaves) - water-powered wheel

𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐽𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑦 (James Hargreaves) - Weaver could spin more than one cotton thread at a time

𝘚𝘵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝛦𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 (James Watt) - Coal heated water to produce steam that powered factories, ships, and trains

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 (Eli Whitney) - Produced identical parts to different goods making the manufacturing process easy and replaceable. Invented by Eli Whitney for firearms in the U.S. Military.

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 - Interchangeable parts led to workers that focuses on one task rather than skilled laborers that made the entire product.

Question 9

What were the developments in the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Answer 9

First Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) - Steam power, textiles, and iron

Second Industrial Revolution (1850-1950) - Steel, oil, and electronics

Question 10

Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

Answer 10

𝗖𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀:
- Western pressure prompted governments to choose whether or not to accept Industrialization
- State-sponsored industrialization

𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀:
- Positive reform in nations like Japan and Ottoman Empire
- Negative reform in nations like China
- Economic growth

Question 11

Imperialism

Answer 11

Expanding a countries influence and power into other territories

Question 12

Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.

Answer 12

𝐌𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦/𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐭
- Minimal government involvement
- No limit on wealth
- Supply and Demand
𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐤 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬
- 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴: company owned by investors that specially works with government
- 𝘛𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴: Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking corporation by British for China, Unilever corporation by British/Dutch for household goods
- 𝘓𝘪𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘓𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺: Shareholders shared profites and could only lose the amount they invested
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠
- 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘮: consumption needed to keep up with production, so advertising industry created consuming culture among middle class
- 𝘓𝘦𝘪𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦: Middle class wanted to escape from work environment. Bikes, athletics, and entertainment emerged.

Question 13

Utilitarianism [John Stuart Mill]

Answer 13

every individual action out to be carried out for the happiness of of the whole, rather than the individual

Question 14

What was the difference between Capitalism & Socialism/Communism beliefs?

Answer 14

𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦
-Run by individual desires; government isn’t involved
-required exploiting middle/working class (Proletariat) for success of higher class (Bourgeoisie).

𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦/𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦
-Run by communities desires; government is involved
-no social classes and everyone is equal
-Socialism + always revolutions = Communism

Question 15

Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.

Answer 15

In response to industrialization, resistances and reforms were developed for social change.

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬:
- Western Influence
- Dangerous work and unhealthy conditions

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞/𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬:
1. Labor unions - groups of workers that advocated for labor changes
ex. minimum wage, franchise (right to vote), age restrictions
2. Ideologies - alternatives for capitalism
ex. Utilitarianism, Socialism/ Communism
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞:
Sultan Mahmud state-sponsored reforms to industrialize under the Tanzimat (reorganization)
ex. abolished feudalism, western-style laws and military, public education
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐚:
Self-Strengthening Movement - Chinese modernization reform which blended modern ideas with Chinese tradition.
ex. Western-style society, abolished Civil Service Exam

Question 16

Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

Answer 16

𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐬 - Upper class owned large businesses, middle class formed who managed factories or offices; lower class were working class (ex. factory workers)

• Living standards rose for middle/upper class
• Men had jobs, women did household and childcare work

𝐔𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 from industrialization led to challenges like pollution, water contamination, disease, and insufficient infrastructure for urban growth.

Question 17

What were the economic continuities and developments/changes during Industrialization?

Answer 17

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀:
- Europe/United States dominated the global economy, while Middle Eastern and Asian economies declined
- American, Indian, and Southeast Asian colonies produced raw materials

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
- Mass-production of goods
- Mercantilism-based economy to a capitalism-based economy with little government involvement
- Made by skilled artisans in homes, to being made by unskilled labor repeating tasks in a factory
- Growth of textiles, cotton and steel industries
- Steam-powered transportation methods like steamship and steam train made trade more efficient
- Corporations - company owned by investors that specially works with government
- Consumerism - consumption needed to keep up with production, so advertising industry created consuming culture among middle class

Question 18

What were the social continuities and developments/changes during Industrialization?

Answer 18

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀:
- Lower class remained same social status
- Women were second class

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
𝑼𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 - migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 - smog, contamination of water causing diseases (ex. cholera)
𝑺𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒚 - Families used to work together on farms, but now worked separately in jobs
𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎:
- Upper class - Investors or owners of large businesses
- Middle class - management jobs at factories, offices, etc…
- Lower class - Industrial working class that worked and lived in poor conditions (ex. factory workers)

Question 19

What were the political continuities and developments/changes during Industrialization?

Answer 19

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀:
- State-sponsored reform

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀:
- Movements like labor unions were connected to the interests of the middle and lower class
- Labor rights (minimum wage, hour limits, 5 day work-week, age restrictions)
- Voting rights
- Democracy

Question 20

Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.

Answer 20

𝗦𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹
- 𝐔𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
- 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - smog, contamination of water causing diseases (ex. cholera)
- 𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 → tenements
- 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 - Families used to work together on farms, but now worked separately in jobs
- Rise of 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 - Consumer culture & leisure culture
- Women - house wives
- 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬:
- Upper class - Investors or owners of large businesses
- Middle class - management jobs at factories, offices, etc…
- Lower class - Industrial working class that worked and lived in poor conditions (ex. factory workers)

𝗘𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗰
- Mercantilism-based economy to a 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦-based economy with little government involvement
- Made by skilled artisans in homes, to being made by 𝐮𝐧𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐫 repeating tasks in a factory
- 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬-𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 of goods
- 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: consumption of unnecessary goods

𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹
- Movements like 𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐫 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 were connected to the interests of the middle and working class
- Labor rights (minimum wage, hour limits, 5 day work-week, age restrictions)
- Voting rights
- Democracy

Question 21

Liberalism

Answer 21

Political ideology that supported democratic ideals with little government involvement in economy. Advocated for happiness of all by equality.