unit 7: cognition (complete)

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

• persistence of learning over time
• acquired

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

• getting info inside the brain
• processing
  ex: hearing someone’s name

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

• retaining info
• significance
  ex: remembering someone’s name

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

• to get info out
• recall
  ex: teaching someone the lesson

Question 5

parallel processing

Answer 5

• processing simultaneously
  ex: smell, taste, and sound

Question 6

sensory input

Answer 6

• immediate brief recording of memory
  ex: introductions and names

Question 7

short-term memory

Answer 7

• holds a few items briefly
• memorizing a phone # for a few seconds

Question 8

long-term memory

Answer 8

• permanent/limitless
• skills
  ex: running, knowledge

Question 9

working memory

Answer 9

• conscious/active processing of incoming info
  ex: paying attention in class

Question 10

explicit memory

Answer 10

• facts and personally experienced events
• EASY to explain

Question 11

effortful processing

Answer 11

• encoding info w a conscious effort
  ex: recalling info from class yesterday

Question 12

automatic processing

Answer 12

• unconscious encoding of info
  ex: walking
  IMPLICIT: impossible to explain

Question 13

implicit memory

Answer 13

• automatic memory of skills/behaviors
  (nondeclarative)
  ex: walking/talking/not eating a certain food bc of food poisoning

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

• short term memory lasting a few seconds b/c of senses
  ex: memorizing a picture
  EYE-conic

Question 15

echoic memory

Answer 15

• sensory memory of auditory stimuli
  ECHO-ic

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

• organizing into familiar units
• association
  ex: phone numbers

Question 17

mnemonics

Answer 17

• memory techniques using imagery and organizational devices
  ex: acronyms

Question 18

spacing effect

Answer 18

• distributed study/practice
  ex: studying everyday for 30 min

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

• enhanced memory after retrieving
  ex: tests/quizzes

Question 20

shallow processing

Answer 20

• encoding on a basic level of how words sound
• speech
  ex: learning a new language but not able to make any associations

Question 21

deep processing

Answer 21

• encoding the meaning of words
  ex: semantic (meaning)

Question 22

hippocampus

Answer 22

• neural center
• inside the limbic system
• save button for memories

Question 23

flashbulb memory

Answer 23

• clear memory of significant emotional event
  ex: COVID-19

Question 24

long-term potentiation

Answer 24

• increased neural firing
• neural basis for learning and memory
  ex: quicker firing = better memory

Question 25

recall

Answer 25

• retrieve info learned earlier
  ex: FRQ

Question 26

recognition

Answer 26

• identifying terms previously learned
  ex: MCQ

Question 27

relearning

Answer 27

• learning something quicker bc it’s already been learned

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

• unconscious activation of associations in memory
  ex: smelling cookies and associating with a fond memory

Question 29

mood-congruent theory

Answer 29

• tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
  ex: parents bringing up all the bad things you’ve done when you got in trouble

Question 30

serial-positioning effect

Answer 30

• tendency to recall the first or last terms best
• rehearse
  ex: remembering first names and the last ones

Question 31

anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

-inability to form new memories
- no future
AFTER

Question 32

retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

• inability to remember the past
• can’t remember family or friends
  RETRO

Question 33

proactive interference

Answer 33

• old affects new memories
  ex: cant remember a new password bc u keep thinking of the old one

Question 34

retroactive interference

Answer 34

• new affects old memories
  ex: forgetting the names of previous teachers you’ve had

Question 35

repression

Answer 35

• defense mechanism to suppress painful memories
  ex: forgetting trauma

Question 36

misinformation effect

Answer 36

• incorporating misleading info into one’s memory
  ex: wording effect

Question 37

source amnesia

Answer 37

• attributing the wrong source when recalling
  ex: two people recalling different stories

Question 38

deja vu

Answer 38

• eerie sense that you’ve experienced something before
  ex: olivia rodrigo