unit 1: psychology's history and approaches Flashcards
empiricism
idea that knowledge comes from experience, observation, science, experimentation, blank slate
ex: test a theory, chemistry
association: womack, physics, locke, bacon
structuralism
study of introspection into the mind and how it affects decision-making, sensory experiences (conscious experience) (structure of the mind)
ex: driving, shopping
association: titchener, wundt
functionalism
study of how external stimuli affects our behaviors in order to adapt, survive, and flourish (consciousness and functions of the mind vs. elements of experience)
ex: natural selection, studying
association: james, darwin
experimental psychology
study of behavior and thinking using experiments
ex: little albert study (afraid of rats)
association: watson
behaviorism
objective to studying observable behaviors
ex: dogs learning tricks, mating
association: watson, skinner
humanistic psychology
the study of growth/potential in individuals
ex: rewards/compliments/love
association: rogers
cognitive neuroscience
study of the brain in relation to cognition (perception, memory, thinking, language)
ex: decision-making, mood
association: brain
psychology
science of behavior and mental processes
ex: therapists
wundt
- established first psych lab in germany
- founder of psychology
hall
- wundt’s american student
- established first psych lab in US @ john hopkins uni
james
- conscious/functionalism (mental/behavioral processes in relation to adapting and thriving)
- emotions from external stimuli
- first textbook the principles of psych
calkins
- jame’s female student
- outscored all males on qual. exams for harvard phd but rejected
- first apa woman president
washburn
- first woman to get a psych phd
- animal behavior (the animal mind)
freud
- personality theorist
- self-understanding (introspection and structuralism)
watson
- behavior is learned through conditioning (behaviorism)
- little albert experiment
skinner
- behaviorism
- studied how consequences shape our behavior
rogers
- environment influences individual growth/potential/health
- humanistic psychology
nature-nurture issue
- genes vs. experience
- innate vs acquired
DARWIN
natural selection
- inherited traits due to survival
- survival of the fittest
DARWIN
levels of analysis
- different views @ different tiers
biopsychosocial approach
considering biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors in a phenomena
behavioral psychology
- study of observable behavior
- reward/punishment
ex: watson/skinner
biological psychology
- study of link between biological and psychological
- how brain creates emotions, memories, sensory inputs
cognitive psychology
- how we think/encode info
- how we see the world
- learning our emotions and why we have them
evolutionary psychology
- Darwin
- inherited behaviors/traits due to survival
psychodynamic psychology
- study of unconscious that drives our behaviors
- driven by aggressive/sexual impulses
- FREUD
- stemming from childhood
social-cultural psychology
- effect of behavior on situations and cultures
psychometrics
- measuring our abilities, attitudes, traits
ex: personality tests
basic research
- science to increase background knowledge
developmental psychology
- study of physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout life
educational psychology
- study of effective teaching methods/learning
personality psychology
- study of individual’s patterns of thinking, feeling, acting
social psychology
- study of how we view and affect each other
applied research
- solving practical problems
industrial-organizational psychology
- optimizing human behaviors in work places
human factors psychology
- study of how people and machines interact
ex: work site safety guidlines, technology
counseling psychology
- assisting people w/ problems in living
ex: therapists
clinical psychology
- study and assess and treat psychological disorders
ex: interpreting and administering tests/provide counseling
psychiatry
- medicine dealing with psychological disorders
ex: depression pills to increase serotonin
positive psychology
- study of discovering strengths and virtues to help individuals thrive
community psychology
- study of how people interact with social environments and how social institutes affect people
testing effect
- enhanced memory b/c of quizzing/testing rather than reading
SQ3R
- study method
1. survey
2. question
3. read
4. retrieve
5. review
pavlov
- study of learning (conditioning)
- russian psychologist
piaget
- observer of children
- swiss biologist
darwin
- natural selection
- nature vs nurture
dix
- humane treatment of psychological disorders
