Unit 7 - Ch. 9

Question 1

What is the most prevalent form of violence in society?

Answer 1

Intimate partner violence

Question 2

Why is intimate partner violence distinct from other types of violence?

Answer 2

Victims and perpetrators know each other

Often an ongoing relationship prior, during, and after a violence episode

Question 3

Define intimate partner violence

Answer 3

Violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated.

However, defining intimate partner violence is controversial.

Unfortunately, no consensus exists for a definition, although most current definitions of intimate partner violence include non-violent abuse (such as emotional or financial abuse) and sexual abuse. Differential rates of abuse can be the result of differences in who is sampled and what is counted.

Question 4

Define spousal violence

Answer 4

Spousal violence is more specific and refers to violence between same-sex couples who are legally married, common-law, separated, or divorced.

Question 5

For much of history, intimate partner violence had a quasi-legitimacy. Why is that?

Answer 5

Because of cultural and religious attitudes that effectively placed women in subservient roles within the family.

Question 6

It was not until the _____ that major changes took place in Canadian law dealing with intimate partner violence.

Answer 6

1980s

Question 7

When examining the frequency of violence, it is important to clarify the distinction between ________ and ______.

Answer 7

Prevalence: refers to the total number of people who have experienced violence in a specified time period, whereas

Incidence: is the number of new cases identified or reported at a given point in time, usually one year.

When reporting on the estimates of intimate partner violence, many factors will influence the prevalence and incidence figures.

Question 8

Types of abuse

Answer 8

Psychological/emotional

Physical

Financial/Material

Sexual

Question 9

What is the form of abuse that is often described as being the most hurtful?

Answer 9

Psychological

Question 10

Financial abuse is most often studied in the context of _____ abuse, but can also occur within ______ ______.

Answer 10

Elder

intimate relationship

Question 11

Conflict Tactics Scale

Answer 11

Scale designed to assess how a person and his or her partner resolve conflict; measures constructive problem solving, verbal aggression, and physical aggression.

The CTS consists of 18 items ranging from constructive problem-solving (e.g., discussing issues calmly) to verbal aggression (e.g., swearing or threatening to hit) and physical aggression (e.g., slapping or using a knife). Respondents indicate how often they have used different methods and how often they have experienced these acts.

Question 12

In the 2009 survey using a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale, what were the findings?

Answer 12

19 422 respondents 15+

2% of male and female respondents had experienced physical and/or sexual assault.

In the 5 years preceding the survey (2005-2009) 6% of male and female respondents reported having experienced physical and/or sexual assault (17% of respondents reported experiencing emotional or financial abuse).

Women experienced triple the amount of severe forms of violence (choking, sexually assaulted, threatened with gun)

Women were more likely to experience repeated victimizations (57% women vs 40% men)

Women were more likely to have been injured (42% women vs 18% men)

Younger people (25-34) three times more likely to experience IPV compared to 45+ years old.

Violence was more common for Indigenous respondents and respondents having a physical or mental health problem. Less common for immigrants.

Highest rates of violence were reported by gay/lesbian individuals (twice as high as heterosexuals) and bisexuals (four times higher than heterosexuals).

Experience of IPV did not vary across income or education level.

Violence against women was more likely to be reported to police (23%) compared to 7% for men.

The primary reason for victims to report to police was to get the violence to stop and obtain police protection. The primary reason for not reporting was because they viewed it as a personal matter.

Question 13

What are the limitations of the Conflict Tactic Scale? CTS

What was the response to these concerns?

Answer 13

-Failure to assess for the context and purpose of violent acts (offensive vs defensive)

-Few items measuring psychological aggression.

-No assessment of sexual aggression

-No assessment of the consequences of aggression (what types of injuries occur)

Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, and Sugerman (1996) developed a more comprehensive version—the CTS-2, in which the following changes were made:

-The physical aggression scale was expanded to include more acts (e.g., burned or scalded partner on purpose, slammed partner against wall).

-The verbal aggression scale was renamed psychological aggression and additional items were added (e.g., did something to spite partner).

-The reasoning scale was renamed negotiation and additional items were added (e.g., explained side of argument).

-New scales were added to measure sexual aggression (e.g., I used threats to make my partner have sex) and physical injury (e.g., I had a broken bone from a fight with my partner).

-A better description was developed of minor versus more serious forms of acts.

-Items from each scale were interspersed to minimize response sets.

Question 14

In 2013, the World Health Organization reviewed research from 79 counties and concluded that…

Answer 14

“Violence against women is pervasive globally”.

It found global lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence in intimate relationships to be 30 percent, however prevalence rates varied widely around the world.

The highest lifetime prevalence rates were found in central sub-Saharan Africa (66 percent), South Asia (42 percent), and Andean Latin America (41 percent), and the lowest rates were found in East Asia (15 percent), Western Europe (19 percent) and North America (21 percent).

In addition, findings showed that 38 percent of all murders of women were committed by their intimate partners. These survey results provide a clear indication that IPV remains a prevalent and ongoing societal concern.

Question 15

Is there increased risk of engaging in IPV among people with a psychiatric disorder?

Answer 15

A recent meta-analysis of 17 studies found that there was an increased risk of lifetime physical violence against a partner in men and women with a psychiatric disorder.

However, it was not clear from the studies reviewed whether the violence occurred when the person was actively experiencing psychiatric symptoms. In addition, the authors were not able to examine whether the violence perpetrated might have been due to substance use. It has been shown that much of the increased risk of general violence in mentally ill people is due to substance use.

Question 16

The International Dating Violence Study (Chan et al. 2008) used the Conflict Tactics Scale–2 to examine the prevalence of dating violence in 14 252 university students across 32 countries. What were the Canadian findings?

Answer 16

In comparison to other countries, Canadian dating violence rates were in the lower half of the nations surveyed. However, about one in five Canadian university students reported having experienced physical assault by their dating partners in the previous 12 months.

In contrast, the United States and Canada had relatively high rates of sexual coercion as compared to other countries.

Question 17

In 2013, Statistics Canada (Beaupré 2015) provided information on the number of police-reported intimate partner and dating partner violence incidents across Canada.

How many were reported?

Answer 17

90 720 incidents were reported in 2013 (rate remained steady over the past five years).

The survey showed that violence often does not end when a relationship ends—in 33 percent of cases the perpetrator was an ex-intimate or dating partner.

The highest incidence of victimization was in younger people between the ages of 20 to 29. The data likely underestimate the amount of violent offences, since most victims do not call the police.

In addition, police data only include forms of intimate partner violence that are chargeable under the Canadian Criminal Code (most forms of psychological and financial abuse are excluded).

Question 18

According to the 2013 Statistics Canada survey on IPV, which province had the most reported incidents? The least?

Answer 18

Highest in Saskatchewan and Alberta (635.0 and 512.7 victims per 100 000 population, respectively)

Lowest in Ontario and PEI (231.8 and 239.0 victims per 100 000 population, respectively).

However, in Nunavut the rate is six times higher than in Saskatchewan (3995.4 per 100 000 population)

Question 19

Why are rates of police-reported IPV varied across provinces?

Answer 19

Differing number of risk factors across the provinces and territories: social isolation, younger couples, higher levels of unemployment, higher rates of alcohol consumption, more common-law marriages, lack of resources for victims, and the proportion of Indigenous Peoples.

Question 20

According to the 2013 Statistics Canada survey on IPV, which gender is most the most likely victim to report IPV to police across all provinces?

What was the rate of charges laid for incidents involving female victims and incidents involving male victims?

Answer 20

Women

80%

74% of incidents involving female victims

64% involving male victims

Question 21

A study by Akers and Kaukinen (2009), using data from the Canadian General Social Survey from 1999, examined which demographic and incidence-related variables were related to police-reporting decisions. What was the findings?

Answer 21

-Married women were less likely to report violence (likely due to stronger emotional and financial ties)

-Women with children in the home who witnessed the abuse are more likely to contact the police

-Minority women were more likely to contact police than caucasian women.

-Likelihood of reporting increased with age

-Women more likely to call police if injured of a weapon was involved

-If the abuser was drinking during the incident or if he also destroyed property, the victim was more likely to report the abuse.

Question 22

According to some studies, women engage in more _______ violence than men.

Answer 22

Minor

Question 23

Williams and Frieze (2005) analyzed the occurrence of violence in 3519 couples and found that the most frequently occurring type of violence was….

Answer 23

…mutual and mild violence followed by mutual severe violence.

This pattern indicates that, at least for some forms of intimate violence, the long-held belief that males are the primary instigators is false

Question 24

Recent evidence indicates that it is possible to identify personality and behavioural features in _________ _____ that will predict their use of _______ in _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ regardless of whether their ____ _____ uses violence.

Answer 24

15-year-old girls

violence

dating relationships at age 21

male partner

Question 25

In a large international study of dating violence among university students in 32 countries, Straus (2008) reported that a slightly higher percentage of women engage…….

Answer 25

…in minor violence (e.g., slapping, throwing something at a partner that could hurt) and that equal rates of serious violence occur for men and women.

Question 26

Gender biases in which men are disadvantaged exist in several other contexts. A long-standing belief associated with intimate violence is that due to differences in physical size and strength, women…

However, several studies have shown that while it is true that women are more likely to be ________ than men as consequence of intimate violence, the incidence of ____ being injured by ____ is surprisingly_____.

Answer 26

…are most likely to suffer serious injuries compared to men.

Injured

men

women

high

Question 27

Is there gender bias in police response to intimate partner violence?

G.R. Brown findings about intimate violence charges laid by police by gender:

Brown found that in severe injury cases, _____% of ____ and ____% of ______ defendants were found guilty.

Answer 27

Yes.

Injured female: Men charged 91% of time
Injured male: Women charged 60% of the time

Uninjured female: Men charged 52% of the time
Uninjured male: Women charged 13% of the time

71% of men

22% of women

Question 28

What major factor plays a role in the low percentage of women being found guilty in intimate violence cases?

Answer 28

Men being unwilling to testify.

Question 29

Follingstad, Helff, Binford, Runge, and White (2004) found that the gender bias even extends to psychologists. They presented two scenarios to a large sample of clinicians (N = 449, 56 percent male, median age 52). The scenarios provided a context and description of psychologically abusive behaviours. Critically, Follingstad et al. reversed the gender of the protagonists in the scenarios. Results showed that….

Answer 29

…the same behaviour was rated more abusive and severe when it was carried out by a male than when carried out by a female.

Moreover, the bias was not affected by the context of the scenario (frequency, intent, perception of recipient) nor by the gender of the psychologist.

Specific items rated more abusive if performed by a man included “made to account for whereabouts at all times,” “would not allow to look at members of same sex,” “threatened to have committed to an institution,” and “made derogatory comments.”

Question 30

Almost all prevention and intervention programs target….

Answer 30

…men who abuse their partners.

Question 31

The negative consequences of intimate partner violence can be a result of….

Multiple adverse health outcomes for both victims and their children have been identified, including…

The following consequences have ben identified (WHO 2013):

Answer 31

-Physical trauma
-Psychological trauma and stress
-Fear and lack of control

…physical, sexual and reproductive, and mental health disorders.

-Physical trauma: Physical injuries can lead to permanent disabilities. Spousal violence resulted in 42% of women reporting physical injuries.

-Sexual health: Refusal of men who engage in violence to use contraceptives leads to higher rates of HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancies in victims of spousal violence.

-Reproductive health: Violence during pregnancy increases the likelihood of having miscarriages, stillbirths, premature delivery, and low-birth-weight babies.

-Mental Health: Violence leads to higher rates of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep and eating disorders, problem drinking, and suicide attempts.

-Physical health: A wide range of physical health problems can result including headaches, back pains, gastrointestinal disorders, and fibromyalgia.

-Social and economic costs: women who experience violence often suffer isolation, inability to work, loss of wages, and limited ability to care for themselves and their children.

-Impact on Children: Children who grow up in families where there is violence may have emotional and behavioural problems. They are also more likely to engage in violence as adolescents and adults.

Question 32

The WHO (2013) demonstrated that violence against women is…

Answer 32

…a major contributing factors to physical and mental health problems, causes harm to observing children, and limits victims’ participation in society.

Question 33

Roberts and Roberts (2005) developed a typology that classified victims into five levels based on duration and severity of abuse using interviews with 501 battered women. What are the features of each level?

Answer 33

Level 1 (short-term):
-Mild to moderate intensity violence’
-One to three violent incidents
-Less than one year in the dating relationship
-Leaving the relationship shortly after the onset of violence
-Middle class with secondary or higher education
-Presence of caring support system

Level 2 (Intermediate):
-Moderate to severe intensity violence
-Three to fifteen incidents
-Cohabitating or recently married for several months to two years
-Leaves when the violence escalates
-Middle class
-Presence of caring support system

Level 3 (Intermittent long-term):
-Severe intensity violence with long periods without violence
-Four to thirty incidents
-Married with children
-Leaves when children are grown up
-Middle to upper class, reliant on husband’s resources
-No alternative support system

Level 4 (Chronic and predictable):
-Severe and frequent violence including use of weapons, forced sexual acts, and death threats; serious injuries sustained
-Several hundred acts
-Married with children
-Violence precipitated by substance abuse
-Abuse continues until husband is arrested, hospitalized, or dies
-Lower to middle class

Level 5 (Homicidal):
-Severe and frequent violence
-Hundreds of severe violent acts
-Long-term marriage or separated
-Lower class with limited education
-Abuse ends when woman kills her partner
-Suffers from depression, suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress disorder, and battered woman’s syndrome

Roberts and Roberts’ typology provides an initial step toward understanding types of battered women. However, additional research is needed to replicate this typology. Categorizing women this way serves more than an academic purpose.

Question 34

When women are asked what triggers violent incidents (male to female violence), their answers have included:

Answer 34

-Not obeying or arguing with the man
-Not having food ready on time
-Not caring adequately for the children or home
-Questioning the man about money or girlfriends
-Going somewhere without the man’s permission
-The man suspecting the woman of infidelity
-Refusing the man sex

Question 35

In some countries, men perceive themselves as “owners” of their wives and children and feel that is it justified to use force in certain circumstances. For example:

Answer 35

-In Egypt, 57% of urban women and 81% of rural women agree that a man is justified in beating his wife is she refuses to have sex with him.

-In New Zealand, the majority of men believe that under no circumstances should you physically abuse a woman, although 5% agree that physical force would be justified if the man came home and found his wife in bed with another man.

Question 36

A World Health Organization (2005) study asked women under which circumstances a man would be justified in beating his wife. The reasons most commonly given were:

Across all countries, the most widely accepted justification for violence was:

Women were also asked if they believed a woman has the right to refuse sex if she is ill, if her husband is drunk, if her husband is mistreating her, or if she does not want to have sex. The most acceptable reason to refuse sex was:
…and the least acceptable was:

Answer 36

-Not completing housework
-Refusing to have sex
-Disobeying her husband
-Being unfaithful

Female infidelity, ranging from 6% in Serbia to 80% in Ethiopia.

Illness
If she did not want to have sex

In some countries, such as Ethiopia and Tanzania, about 20 percent of women felt they did not have the right to refuse sex under any conditions.

Question 37

United States, Simon et al. (2001) found that ____ percent of men did ___ ____ it was “ok to hit your wife to keep her in line” (p. 118). In addition, participants were more accepting of ____ hitting ____ as compared to _____ hitting _____.

Answer 37

98%
not think

Women
men

Men
Women

Question 38

The ______ available to a person determine how they ________ to an _____ _____.

Answer 38

options
respond
abusive
event

Question 39

Do most victims of intimate partner violence seek help from a variety of sources or just one?

Answer 39

Variety - Both legal and extralegal sources.

Question 40

Researchers have found that the following factors can keep an abused woman in a relationship:

Answer 40

-Fear of retribution
-Lack of economic support
-Concern for the children
-Emotional dependence
-Lack of support from friends and family
-Hope that the man will change
-Fear of being socially ostracized (in developing countries)

Question 41

Does abuse always end when a relationship ends?

Answer 41

No. Ending a relationship may subsequently initiate unwanted behaviour by the ex-partner (such as stalking) in a bid to re-start the relationship using intimidation.

Question 42

A significant portion of homicides in intimate partner relationships occurs when….

Answer 42

…a woman makes the decision to leave her abusive mate.

Question 43

Between 1997-2006 in Canada, there were ____ spousal homicides, with ___ being female and ____ being men.

____% of the female homicides occurred when the woman was separated from her partner.

Answer 43

766

66

150

16%

Question 44

Most battered women first seek help first from…. followed by…

Answer 44

…friends and family followed by more formal supports such as police, DV shelters, etc.

Question 45

In a study assessing the help-seeking behaviour of women who had experienced violence (92 percent had experienced intimate partner violence), Postmus, Severson, Berry, and Yoo (2009) found that the options women used were not necessarily what they considered the most helpful. The top five resources used were:

Which ones were in the top five for helpfulness?

What is the top five in terms of helpfulness?

Answer 45

1. Emotional support from friends and family (helpfulness = 12)
2. Professional counseling (helpfulness = 13)
3. Medication for emotional problems (helpfulness = 15)
4. Welfare (helpfulness = 4)
5. Support groups or self-help (helpfulness = 16).

Welfare

1. Subsidized day care
2. Religious or spiritual counseling
3. Subsidized housing
4. Welfare
5. Educational support

Question 46

What were the top five barriers to using resources according to the study done by Postmus, Severson, Berry, and Yoo (2009)?

Answer 46

1. “I wanted to handle the problem myself”
2. “I thought the problem would go away”
3. “I was unsure about where to go or whom to see”
4. “I didn’t think treatment would work”
5. “I was concerned about how much money it would cost”

Question 47

What kinds of support do women victim of intimate violence need?

Answer 47

Emotional support, housing support, financial support, and child care. Resources that will provide self-sufficiency.

Question 48

Dutton and Browning (1988) conducted one of the first analogue lab studies to examine the influence of…

Answer 48

…abandonment themes in groups of violent men.

They presented video or audio clips of a woman telling her husband she was joining a women’s consciousness-raising group and was spending the weekend with a group of women in another city. The researchers tested three groups of men: men who had engaged in intimate partner violence, generally violent men, and non-violent men. Men who had engaged in intimate partner violence reported much higher rates of anxiety and anger after hearing the clips.

Question 49

Costa and Babcock (2008) used an anger induction task to measure….

Answer 49

…articulated cognitive thoughts of intimately violent and non-violent men.

In this study, the men were asked to imagine two scenarios. First, they overheard their female partner flirting with another man. Then, they were asked to imagine their female partner criticizing them (about job performance, performance in bed, their friends and family, their intelligence) to a female friend.

After each scenario, the subjects were asked to verbalize how it made them feel. The researchers found no group differences in men’s verbalizations after the first scenario but found that intimately violent men were more likely to express anger during the criticism scenario and non-violent men were more likely to express sadness.

Question 50

Two theories that explains intimate partner violence:

Answer 50

Patriarchal theory and social learning theory

Question 51

Patriarchal Theory:

Answer 51

Patriarchal theory assumes a long-standing set of cultural beliefs and values that support the idea that the male dominance of women contributes to the domestic assault of women by men.

Theory that suggests violence of men against their female partners is rooted in a broad set of cultural beliefs and values that support the male dominance of women.

Often associated with sociology and feminism, the theory was first described in the 1970s.

Question 52

Dobash and Dobash (1979) stated (patriarchal theory):

Answer 52

…“the seeds of wife beating lie in the subordination of females and in their subjection to male authority and control”.

Question 53

Patriarchal theory is somewhat ________ to evaluate directly because it is hard to show a _____ ______between ______ ______and ______ ______.

Answer 53

challenging

causal link

patriarchal attitudes

intimate violence.

Question 54

A correlational study by Yllo and Straus (1990) showed that degree of patriarchal attitude was…

Answer 54

…positively correlated with rate of intimate violence.

Yllo and Straus compared spousal abuse rates in the United States by identifying the degree to which each state was characterized by patriarchal structure. States with higher levels of patriarchal attitudes (as measured by male-dominant norms) had much higher rates of spousal assault than states with less patriarchal attitudes.

Question 55

Patriarchal theory has been criticized because…

Answer 55

-It provides incomplete explanation of intimate violence and cannot predict which individuals will engage in it.

-Dutton (1995) argues that additional variables are necessary to account for intimate violence, including community, family, and individual characteristics.

-Review this on page 270… don’t quite get it

Question 56

Social Learning Theory:

Answer 56

A theory of human behaviour that posits people develop skills, behaviours, and attitudes by how they are directly reinforced or punished for these skills, behaviours, and attitudes and by observing how others are similarly punished or reinforced.

Question 57

1. Social Learning Theory in Intimate Partner Violence
2. What are the 3 major elements related to aggression?
3. What is a prominent mechanism for learning new behaviours?
4. Bandura (1973) proposed that observational learning could occur in three contexts:

Answer 57

1) The theory was originally proposed by Bandura (1973) to explain aggression and was extended by Dutton (1995) to account for intimate violence.

2) 1. Origins
2. Instigators
3. Regulators

3) Observational learning

4) 1. Family of Origin
2. The subculture where the person lives
3. The media

Question 58

Consistent with social learning theory, men who engage in intimate violence are more likely to have witnessed…

Answer 58

…parental violence than men who do not engage in intimate violence.

Question 59

Bandura (1973) argues that for a behaviour to be acquired, it must have…

Answer 59

…functional value for the observer.

Like Operant conditioning, behaviour that is rewarded increases the likelihood that it will be repeated, whereas behaviour that is punished decreases its likelihood of being repeated.

Question 60

Social Learning - What is an instigator?

Dutton (1995) proposed three categories of instigators in intimate violence:

Answer 60

In social learning theory, events in the environment or within the individual that trigger violence.

1. Aversive Instigators
2. Incentive Instigators
3. Delusional Instigators

Question 61

Aversive Instigators?

Answer 61

-Stimuli individual attempts to avoid
-Produces emotional arousal - how the person labels that emotional arousal will affect how they react (male batterers often label most emotions as anger aka emotional funnel system).

Question 62

Emotional Funnel System?

Answer 62

Gondolf - When males label most emotions as anger

Question 63

Incentive Instigators?

Answer 63

-Stimuli that are perceived as rewards for engaging in aggression
-Individual decides that needs can be satisfied with aggression

Question 64

Delusional Instigators?

Answer 64

-Associated with bizarre belief systems such as delusional jealousy, in which an individual erroneously believes their partner to be unfaithful, potentially resulting in aggression.

Question 65

In addition to instigators, another concept in social learning theory includes the assumption that behaviour is regulated by the outcomes it generates (similar to the concept of reinforcement that underlies operant conditioning). What is this called?

Answer 65

Regulators.

Regulators include external punishment and self-punishment.

External punishments are exogenous forms of punishment, such as when a person is arrested for engaging in violence.

Self-punishment is an internal reaction to the consequences of one’s behaviour that is akin to “having a conscience,” such as when a person feels remorse for engaging in violent behaviour.

According to social learning theory, the likelihood of intimate violence should be reduced if the consequences for violence are exceeded by incentives for engaging in non-violent behaviour and if alternatives are provided to attenuate the effect of any instigators.

Question 66

Ecological Model (IPV)

Answer 66

Model of family violence that examines the relationship between multiple levels of influence, including individual, relationship, community, and societal levels, in understanding family violence.

Provides a useful way to conceptualize the interaction among risk factors related to violence in intimate relationships.

At the individual level, biological, and personal history characteristics of the abuser and victim need to be considered. Such factors often include age, substance use, and history of abuse.

Question 67

Ecological Model of Family Violence - Risk Factors
IRCS

Answer 67

Individual:
-Young age
-Alcohol Use Problems
-Personality disorders
-Depressiong
-Fear of rejection
-Childhood exposure to violence
-Anger and hostility

Relationship:
-Relationship conflict
-Dominance imbalance
-Economic stress

Community:
-Weak sanctions
-Poverty
-Low social capital

Society:
-Traditional gender norms
-Social norms supportive of violence

Question 68

Ecological Model of Family Violence

At the individual level, _______, and _____ ______ characteristics of the abuser and victim need to be considered. Such factors often include _____, ____ ____, and _____ ___ _____.

Answer 68

biological

personal history

age, substance use, and history of abuse.

Question 69

Ecological Model of Family Violence

At the relationship level, a person’s closest social circle of _____, ____, and ____ ____ may contribute to an _______ risk.

Important factors may include level of ______ or exposure to ______.

Answer 69

peers, partners, and family members

increased

Stress

violence

Question 70

Ecological Model of Family Violence

The community level incorporates places such as _______ and ______ that are associated with becoming a _____ or ______ of ______ ______, as well as factors such as ____, ______ ____, and _____ _____.

Answer 70

schools

Neighbourhoods

victim

perpetrator

family violence

poverty, social isolation, and community disorganization.

Question 71

Ecological Model of Family Violence

The societal level includes broad societal factors in which _______ is supported or discouraged, including _____ ____, _____ ____, and ____ and _____ policies.

Answer 71

violence

social norms, cultural beliefs, and police and government policies.

Question 72

Like all violence, a combination of _____, _____, _____, ____ ____ cause intimate violence.

Answer 72

individual, situational, social, and community factors

Question 73

____ ____ and ____ ____ have consistently been found to be associated with an ________ likelihood of a man committing ___ ____ against a ______.

Answer 73

Young age and low income

increased

physical violence

partner

Question 74

Exposure to ____ _____ as a child is a ____ _____ factor that has been related to _____ ______.

For example, Mitchell and Finkelhor (2001) found a more than ____ percent increase in the risk for spousal violence if the perpetrator had been exposed to ______ as a child.

Answer 74

parental violence
historical risk
domestic violence

100
violence

Question 75

Are there specific risk factors for abuse that occur during pregnancy? James, Brody, and Hamilton (2013) conducted a meta-analytic study and found that two of the strongest predictors for abuse during pregnancy were…

Answer 75

1. Lower educational level
2. Past history of abuse

Question 76

An actuarial instrument developed in Ontario to predict future intimate violence is the…

Answer 76

Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (DVRAG)

The DVRAG is an empirically derived 14-item measure designed to predict spousal assault recidivism in male spousal assault offenders. It consists of individually weighted items from the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), a scale designed to be used by frontline police officers, and scores on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R).

Scores on the DVRAG can range from –10 to +41, and are divided into seven risk categories or bins. Each risk bin has a probability of spousal assault recidivism within five years ranging from 14 percent (bin 1) to 100 percent (bin 7). Only 3 percent of the scale development sample was included in bin 7. Whether or not the recidivism rates linked to each bin will replicate in other samples remains to be studied.

Question 77

Scores on the DVRAG (Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide) can range from….

and are divided into ________ _______ _______.

Each risk bin has a probability of spousal assault recidivism within five years ranging from _____ percent (bin _) to ___ percent (bin __)

Answer 77

-10 to +41

seven risk categories or bins.

14% (bin 1)
100% (bin 7)

Question 78

The DVRAG (Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide) has measurable 14 items. What are they?

Answer 78

1. Number of prior domestic incidents
2. number of prior non-domestic incidents
3. Prior correctional sentence (30 days or more)
4. Failure on prior conditional release
5. Threat to harm or kill at the index incident
6. Confinement at index incident
7. Victim concern
8. Number of children
9. Victim’s number of biological children from previous partner
10. Violence against others
11. Substance abuse score
12. Assault on victim when pregnant
13. Number of barriers to victim suport
14. Hare PCL-R Score

Question 79

What is the Hare PCL-R?

Answer 79

Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised

Question 80

SARA?

Answer 80

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment

Question 81

DVRAG?

Answer 81

Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide

Question 82

The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA) was designed to assess…

Answer 82

…the risk for spousal assault in male offenders.

Question 83

The Spousal Risk Assessment uses the _______ ______ ______ approach to risk assessment and was developed by a group of researches in _____ ______.

Answer 83

structured professional judgement

British-Columbia

Question 84

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)

How does the evaluator conduct the SARA?

The SARA consists of ____ spousal risk factors. What are they?

Answer 84

The evaluator conducts a comprehensive assessment and refers to a list of risk factors, each having a specific coding criteria and a demonstrated relationship with spousal assault recidivism based on existing professional and empirical literature.

Users code each of the items on a three-point scale, indicating the presence of any case-specific risk factors, designating any “critical” risk factors (those that are particularly salient to the degree of risk), and making a summary risk judgment of low, moderate, or high risk for future spousal violence.

twenty spousal risk factors

1. Past assault of family members
2. Past assault of strangers or acquaintances
3. Past violation of conditional release
4. Recent relationship problems
5. Recent employment problems
6. Victim of or witness to family violence as a youth
7. Recent substance abuse problems
8. Recent suicidal or homicidal ideation
9. Recent psychopathic or manic symptoms
10. Personality disorder with anger, impulsivity, or behavioural instability
11. Past physical assault
12. Past sexual assault/sexual jealousy
13. Past use of weapons and/or credible threats of death
14. Recent escalation in frequency or severity of spousal assault
15. Past violation of “no contact” orders
16. Extreme minimization or denial of spousal assault history
17. Attitudes supportive of spousal assault
18. Severe and/or sexual assault during index offence
19. Use of weapons and/or credible threats of death during index offence
20. Violation of “no contact” order during index offence

Question 85

In a meta-analysis of 18 studies, Hanson, Helmus, and Bourgon (2007) investigated the effectiveness of different approaches and measures used to assess the risk of recidivism in male spousal assault offenders. The researchers compared measures that were designed specifically to…

Answer 85

-Predict spousal assault (d of .40)
-Predict general or violent recidivism (d of .54)
-General assessments of risk provided by female victims (d of .36)

Question 86

Helmus and Bourgon (2011) recently included four additional studies that assessed the predictive validity of the SARA and transformed results from Hanson, Helmus, and Bourgon’s 2007 study from Cohen’s d to AUCs. The results for the SARA, DVRAG, ODARA, and victim judgment are….

The most accurate are…

Answer 86

SARA - Total score: .63
SARA - Risk Judgment: .64
ODARA: .66
DVRAG: .70
Victim Judgment: .60

DVRAG and ODARA.

Question 87

ODARA?

Answer 87

Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment

Question 88

Many intervention programs have been developed to target men who engage in intimate violence. One of the most widely used programs is the…

Answer 88

Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP) or Duluth Model

Question 89

DAIP?

Answer 89

Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project or Duluth Model

Question 90

What is the goal of the DAIP?

What does it focus on?

What is the drop-out rate?

Answer 90

Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project

To prevent future violence.

Men’s use of power and control. The Duluth model focuses on changing patriarchal beliefs, however some programs tend to be judgmental and use shaming to accomplish this change.

A very high drop-out rate (75 percent) has been observed in some programs using the Duluth model.

Question 91

What criticisms have been raised about the Duluth Model? (DAIP)

Answer 91

-Dutton and Corvo argue that it is incompatible with progressive social theory and policy
-Ongoing debate about the model’s effectiveness
-Dutton and Corvo states that it has negligible success in reducing or eliminating violence amongst perpetrators.

Question 92

The other most common type of treatment program for male batterers is based on…

and uses…

What are these programs like?

Answer 92

…social learning models of violence

…and uses cognitive-behavioural techniques.

These programs are multifaceted, targeting a range of different risk factors with the goal of helping participants understand their motivations for engaging in violence and focus on alternative skills and behaviours to form non-abusive positive relationships. These programs often include both individual and group counselling.

Question 93

Give an example of a treatment program based on social learning models of violence and uses cognitive-behavioural techniques.

What factors does the program target?

Answer 93

Correctional Service Canada’s Family Violence Prevention Program.

Consistent with the risk principle of effective correctional programming (see Chapter 4), there is a shorter program targeting moderate risk offenders (Moderate Intensity) and a longer, high-intensity program (High Intensity) designed to target offenders who are at high risk to engage in future intimate violence.

-Motivation for change
-Attitudes and beliefs that condone the use of violence
-Management of emotional skills relating to jealousy, anger, and fear of relationship loss
-Development of communication skills
-Coping strategies to deal with criticism
-Relapse prevention plans to avoid and manage high-risk situations
-Identification of social support networks to assist in maintaining healthy relationships

Question 94

Approximately ___ percent of male federal offenders and ____ percent of female federal offenders have a history of violence against their intimate partners

Answer 94

40

15

Question 95

Stewart, Gabora, Kropp, and Lee (2008) recently evaluated the effectiveness of these programs (social learning models of violence using cognitive-behavioural techniques) in a sample of 572 male Canadian federal offenders who participated in either the moderate- or high-intensity program.

What were the findings?

Answer 95

-In contrast to community-based programs, the attrition rate was relatively low. 18% offenders dropping out of high-intensity and 14% dropping out of moderate-intensity

-Comparing pre and post treatment characteristics, offenders had:
~lower levels of jealousy
~Fewer negative attitudes about relationships
~Better relapse prevention skills
~Increased empathy

Only 4 percent of treated offenders were charged with a spousal-related offence compared to 13 percent of the untreated group (6 months follow-up. Unknown for longer).

Question 96

IPV

The largest evaluation of treatment effectiveness done to date was by ________ (2000), who compared a _______ _______ group, a _____ _____ group, and a ____ ______ control group in a sample of ____ _____ personnel.

What were the findings?

Answer 96

Dunfond (2000)

cognitive-behavioural group

couples therapy group

non-treatment

U.S Navy

Based on victims’ reports, neither the cognitive-behavioural treatment nor the couples therapy had a significant impact on spousal assault recidivism in a one-year follow-up. What was unusual about this sample was the atypically low rates of recidivism, even in the untreated group (4 percent). The participants in this study were all employed and had a high stake in conformity. Thus any intervention, including arrest and identification by the authorities, may have been sufficient to deter these men from committing future violence.

Question 97

IPV

To date, two meta-analyses has been conducted to compare outcomes for different types of treatment for male batterers. Babcock, Green, and Robie (2004) examined 22 studies to test the relative effectiveness of the _____ ____, _______-_______ therapy, and other types of interventions on police- and victim-reported recidivism.

What were the findings?

Answer 97

Duluth model

cognitive-behavioural therapy

There were no differences in the effectiveness of the different types of treatment, and overall treatment had “a minimal impact on reducing recidivism beyond the effect of being arrested” (p. 1023).

Question 98

Feder and Wilson (2005) examined 10 studies that measured the effectiveness of court-mandated treatment and also concluded that there were “______” _______ ______ when using ______ ______ ______ as outcome. However, when using victim reports there were _____ ______ effects for _______.

Answer 98

“modest” beneficial effects

official police reports as outcome

no positive

treatment

Question 99

In order to better understand the motivations and characteristics of men who engage in intimate violence and to develop more targeted interventions, researchers have developed:

The typology that has received the most attention was developed by _______
and they identified ____ types of male batterers based on ______ and _____ of ________, generality of _______, and ____________ features.

What are the three types?

Answer 99

Typologies (or categories) of male batterers.

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994)

Three

frequency and severity

violence

violence

psychopathological

1. The family-only batterer
2. The generally violent/antisocial batterer
3. The dysphoric-borderline batterer

Question 100

Family-Only Batterer

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart

Answer 100

The family-only batterer type displays the following characteristics:

-Engages in the lowest levels of intimate violence

-Is infrequently violent outside the home and rarely engages in other criminal acts

-Does not show much psychopathology

-Has few risk factors (i.e., witnessing violence as a child, poor relationship skills)

-Aggression is triggered by stress

Question 101

Psychopathology

Answer 101

Psychopathology is the study of mental illness. It includes the signs and symptoms of all mental disorders. The field includes abnormal cognition, maladaptive behavior, and experiences which differ according to social norms.

Question 102

Generally Violent/Antisocial Batterer

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart

Answer 102

The generally violent/antisocial batterer has the following features:

-Engages in moderate to high levels of intimate violence
-Is frequently violent outside the home and engages in other criminal acts
-Has antisocial and psychopathic personality features
-Has substance abuse problems
-Has problems with impulsivity and many violence-supportive beliefs
-Attachment style best described as dismissive

Question 103

Dysphoric-Borderline Batterer

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart

Answer 103

The dysphoric-borderline batterer has the following features:

-Engaged in moderate to severe levels of intimate violence
-Usually focuses violence on female partners
-High rates of mood disorders
-Has borderline personality features such as instability, jealousy, and fear of rejection
-Experienced childhood abuse
-Attachment style is best described as preoccupied

Question 104

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart’s typology has been replicated by several studies.

Dixon and Browne (2003) reported that on average, offenders were classified as
__ percent family-only type, __ percent generally violent/antisocial type, and 20 __ percent dysphoric-borderline type.

Answer 104

50
30
20

Question 105

Several other typologies of male batterers have been proposed that focus on behavioural, psychological, or physiological characteristics. Most of these alternative typologies classify batterers into two or three groups. For example, Gondolf (1988), using data from 6000 battered women, created a three-tier typology based on the severity and generalizability of violence. What are the three tiers?

Answer 105

Type I or Sociopath:
-Accounts for 10% of batterers
-Engaged in the most severe levels of violence
-Violence in and out of home

Type II or Antisocial:
-Accounts for 30-40% of batterers
-Primarily violent within the home
-Less likely to have a criminal record

Type III or typical:
-Accounts for 50-60% of batterers
-Engages in less severe violence
-Engages in violence within the home
-Least likely to have a criminal record

Question 106

Using a psychological perspective, Hamberger and Hastings (1994) identified three types of male batterers:

Answer 106

1. Low-risk non-pathological who engages in family-only violence
2. The passive aggressive-dependent types with attachment and psychopathological problems
3. Antisocial type who engages in high levels of violence in and out of the home

Question 107

Working from a physiological perspective, Gottman and colleagues (1995) used the heart rate of male batterers at rest and during conflict to categorize batterers into groups:

Answer 107

Type 1 - Abusers or the “cobra group”:
-20% of batterers
-Decreased heart rate as they became verbally abusive
-Engaged in high rates of severe violence in and outside the home

Type 2 or the “Pitbull group”:
-80% of batterers
-Increased heart rate when they became verbally abusive
-More insecure and emotionally depending
-Primarily engaged in violence inside the home

Question 108

(Kelly and Johnson 2008) have suggested two subtypes intimate partner violence. What are they?

Answer 108

1. Characterological violence:
   -Occurs when male is attempting to dominate or control partner
   -Lacks remorse and insight
   -Blames his partner for violence
   -Violence is often one-sided
2. Situational violence:
   -Occurs during conflict
   -Partners are remorseful
   -Violence often reciprocal

These subtypes parallel the typologies by Gottman

Question 109

In a critique of the male batterer literature, Chiffriller, Hennessy, and Zappone (2006) point out the methodological deficits of the existing research, including…

Answer 109

…a lack of control groups, inconsistent terminology, and poor measurement of constructs.

Question 110

IPV

In particular, further research is needed to determine how…

For example, Friend, Cleary Bradley, Thatcher, and Gottman (2011) have proposed that…

Answer 110

…different types of male batterers respond to various treatments, what risk factors are associated with each type of batterer, and whether different causal mechanisms exist for each type.

…different types of treatment are needed for those who engage in characterological violence as compared to situational violence.

Question 111

Should couples therapy be avoided or utilized for characterologically violent couples?

What about situationally violent couples?

Answer 111

Characterological violent couples should avoid couple’s therapy as it is dangerous to the victim and ineffective. Perpetrators should be given individual therapy.

Situationally violent couples should use couple’s therapy as it may be effective.

Question 112

Bradley and Gottman (2012) found that a group couples-based psychoeducational intervention program was….

Answer 112

….effective at fostering healthy relationships and reducing future violence.

Question 113

Almost all IPV prevention and intervention programs target _____ who abuse their partners. It is essential that violence by ______ be recognized and robust efforts be implemented to end assaults by ______.

Answer 113

men

women

women