Unit 1 - Ch. 1 Flashcards
Where does criminal justice rank on the list of concerns for Canadians?
7th
Bill C-59
Abolished early parole for non-violent first time federal offenders
Bill C-39
Increased offender accountability and inmate costs (i.e., room and board, telephone usage)
Bill C-32
Increased the rights of victims of crime in terms of access to information, participation in decisions, and restitution
Bill C-293
Increased offender accountability and inmate costs (i.e., room and board, telephone usage)
CCRA
Corrections and Conditional Release Act
This act has been amended such that protection of society is the paramount consideration in decisions regarding offender release and supervision
CCRA (Corrections and Conditional Release Act)
McGuire (2004) describes a variety of factors that have been used to define crime and to help explain when certain behaviours may be viewed as criminal or not. What are these factors?
These factors include an individual’s motivation, opportunity, politics, social convention, and context.
Muncie (20010 delineated how many definitions of crime?
11
What explanations do definitions of crime typically include?
Legal, moral, social, and psychological explanations
Definition of crime: What does legal explanation refer to?
legal refers to acts prohibited by the state and punishable under the law;
Definition of crime: What does moral explanation refer to?
moral refers to the violation of norms of religion and morality that are punishable by supreme beings
Definition of crime: What does social explanation refer to?
social refers to the violation of certain norms and customs that are punishable by the community
Definition of crime: What does moral explanation refer to?
moral refers to the violation of norms of religion and morality that are punishable by supreme beings
For the purposes of this text, our working definition of criminal behaviour comes from Bartol and Bartol (2008). Of note is that this definition incorporates intent, thereby addressing Canadian concerns regarding criminal responsibility. What is the definition?
Criminal behaviour refers to intentional behaviour that violates a criminal code; intentional in that it did not occur accidentally or without justification of excuse
Newman surveyed people in six countries and found there was a high degree of agreement in respondents’ perceptions of what is considered a crime. In particular….
Robbery, theft, and incest
Adjudicate
To pass judgement on
In addition to public opinion surveys indicating that crime in general is a major concern to Canadians, there are several additional considerations worth discussing. What are the three main considerations? PVC
Prevalence (the proportion of a population found to be involved in crime)
Victimization (those affected by crime)
Costs
According to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (Boyce, Cotter, and Perreault 2014), the police-reported crime rate in 2012 was:
6409 crimes per 100 000 people, or 2 235 325 crimes. However, one offender may have committed multiple crimes, so we should also consider the number of individuals charged, which was 1 678 425 individuals, or 4.84 percent of the Canadian population.
In Canada, crime occurs every ___ minutes.
3 minutes
Data from the General Social Survey (Statistics Canada 2009) indicate that (victimization):
225 per 1000 Canadians have reported being victims of (in descending order) theft of personal property, assault, sexual assault, and robbery. Most victims of crime are under 30 years of age.
The UCRS reported how many victims of violent crimes in 2009/2010?
Approximately 373 000 victims of violent crime
What is UCRS?
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey
The Fraser Institute estimated that in 1998 Canada spent ____ dollars on crime, of which ____ was associated with what we think of as “the direct cost of crime”.
42.47 billion
15.5 billion
What is the “direct cost of crime”?
Police, courts, corrections
How much does provincial/federal corrections cost per year?
4.62 billion
Koegl and Day (2015) calculated the criminal justice costs of a cohort of 386 juvenile offenders who were tracked for 15 years beginning in 1986. Based only on official convictions, the aggregate cost (which includes victim, correctional, and other criminal justice system costs) was:
671 million (or 1374 million per person)
Day and Koegl (2015) examined the costs relating to different trajectory groups of offenders, based on age of onset and persistence. While the average aggregate cost per person was ____, costs ranged from less than ____ for those with low persistence to more than ____ for those with high persistence and late onset. Clearly, longterm costs are ____________
- 5.86 million
- 4 million
- 16 million
- highly related to the trajectory group that the offender falls into
How many crimes are reported in Canada annually? Which crime represents the greatest proportion?
2.6 million crimes
Property crimes
An federal prison inmate has been paroled but commits a summary conviction and is sentenced to under two years. Does the inmate go to provincial prison or federal?
Federal
Are provincial or federal jails also remand centres?
Provincial
The General Social Survey (2009) suggests that ____ percent of Canadians report being a victim of crime in a given year.
22.5%
Are young offenders the responsibility of the provincial or federal government?
Provincial
An individual is found guilty of a sex crime and given a sentence of less than two years in provincial prison. However, the offender is designated as a Long Term Offender, requiring community supervision for 10 years. Is it the responsibility of the provincial or federal police to supervise the offender?
Federal
