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A & P I > Unit 7 : Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 7 : Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Aspects of the bone tissue includes:

  1. It’s a Dynamic tissue that continually remodels itself
  2. Its a grouping of connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals
  3. Bones make up the skeletal system
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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Functions of the skeletal system includes:

  1. Supports the body.
  2. Facilitates movement.
  3. Protects internal organs.
  4. Produces blood cells.
  5. Stores and releases minerals and fat.
  6. Buffers blood against excessive pH changes
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3
Q

Structure of Long bones

A

Long Bones Structures includes:

  1. Epiphysis (ends), they are Distal and Proximial
  2. Diaphysis (shaft)
  3. Medullary (bone marrow) cavity
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4
Q

Articular Cartilage ​

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the surface of joints the Epiphysis (distal and proximal Epiphysis) allowing for articulation of bones.

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5
Q

Long bones

A

Long Bones are:

  1. Longer than wide
  2. Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
  3. Assist in creating our Limbs
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6
Q

Short bones

A

Short bones are:

  1. Articuluation of Joints
  2. Equal in length and width
  3. Glide across one another in multiple directions
  4. Designed for strength and compactness
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7
Q

Flat bones

A

Flat bones are:

  1. Assist in Articulations
  2. Protect soft organs
  3. Curved but wide & thin
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8
Q

Irregular bones

A

Irregular bones are:

  1. Elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
  2. This includes the Sphenoid bone (bones of bones)
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9
Q

Bone Cell Types

A

There are (4) four Bone Cell types:

  1. Osteoprogenitor
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
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10
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

is a specialized cell that could dividing into two stem cells. They could become any type of bone cells.

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11
Q

Osteoblasts Cells

A

Osteo-Blasts (building of bones)

  1. Osteoblasts are the younger cells
  2. are the structural cells that form new bone.
  3. They also come from the bone marrow and secrete collagen
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12
Q

Osteocytes Cells

A
  1. They come from osteoblasts.
  2. Some of the osteoblasts turn into osteocytes while the new bone is being formed.
  3. These cells can sense pressures or cracks in the bone and help to direct where osteoclasts will dissolve the bone.
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13
Q

Osteoclasts Cells

A
  1. Osteoclasts are older cells that are broken down
  2. are large cells that dissolve / breakdown / reabsorb the bone.
  3. They come from the bone marrow and are related to white blood cells.
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14
Q

Bone Matrix Composition

A

25% water

25% protein fibers

50% minerals

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15
Q

Bone Matrix Contains

A

Bone Matrix contains some:

  1. Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
  2. but mostly hydroxyapatite, which is the PRIMARY salt that makes bone hard.
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16
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

is the PRIMARY mineral of salt that form calcium making bone hard

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17
Q

Bone Matrix Deposited Where

A

Matrix is deposited in a framework of collagen fibers, calcification (calcium and salts) or mineralization

  1. Salts confer hardness on bone
  2. Collagen fibers give bones Tensile strength (being able to bend a little without breaking)
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18
Q

Bones

A
  1. Bone are made up of several different tissues (connective) working together:
    ​
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Epithelium
  • Various blood forming tissues
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue.
  1. Each individual bone is an organ; the bones, along with their cartilage, make up the skeletal system.
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19
Q

Bone Type

A

There are (4) Four types of bones:

  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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20
Q

Type of Bones

A

Bone may be categorized as compact or spongy

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21
Q

Osteons

A

Osteons are cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood.

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22
Q

Lamellae

A

The Lamella is a Cylinders of tissue area of Matrix that sits between the rings of the Osteocytes.

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23
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense bone tissue consists of osteons, know as the Haversian systems = the basic structural unit (STEPS):

  1. Lamellae - Cylinders of tissue formed from layers
  2. Central Canal / Haversian- Contains, Vains, Artiery, Nerves (VAN).
  3. Osteocytes connected to each other and by tiny canals called “canaliculi”
24
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  1. is made up of Trabeculae which is what gives sponge like appearance – the spaces is filled with red bone marrow.
  2. Provides strength with little weight for bone structure.
  3. Spongy bone have few osteons
  4. Blood Vessels go through spongy bones real easy, so it doesn’t need a haversian systems.
25
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification directly converts the mesenchymal tissue to bone and forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle, and most of the cranial bones.
  2. Intramembranous ossification does not not go through Cartilage.
26
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

A

Endochondral ossification begins with mesenchymal tissue transforming into a cartilage, the growing cartilage is replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton.

  1. is involved in:
    1. embryonic bone formation
    2. growth in length of long bones
    3. and fracture healing
27
Q

Bone Formation Steps

A

Most bone is formed by Endochondral Ossification or osteogenesis (Inside then outward):

  1. Step 1 = Cartilage forms
  2. Step 2 = Cartilage grows
  3. Step 3 = Bone replaces the cartilage from the inside center outward.
28
Q

Bone Mineral Resorption

A
  1. Bone is the major reservoir for calcium (Ca++)
  2. If blood levels get to low, the body will pull from the bones
  3. Blood level of calcium ions is very important in cardiac, nerve, enzyme, blood
29
Q

Human Growth Hormone

A

Human Growth Hormone (GH) stimulate bone deposition, in addition to thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin

30
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  1. Thyroid Hormone - promotes growth and maturity
  2. Calcitonin aka thyroid gland - promotes bone formation, inhibits osteoclast activity.
31
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Promotes bone resorption and increase activity of + osteoclasts

32
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Bone remodeling involves the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue by:

  1. Destroyed by osteoclasts
  2. Constructed by osteoblasts
33
Q

Bone Homeostasis

A
  1. Increased osteoclasts activity / decreased osteoclasts activity causes bone loss
  2. Increased osteoblasts activity / decreased osteoblasts activity causes bone creation
34
Q

Ossification

A

is basically bone tissue formation

35
Q

Bone Resorption

A

Bone resorption is the action of osteoclasts and parathyroid.

36
Q

Bone Growth & Remodeling

A

Bones grow and remodel themselves throughout our lives.

Greater bone Density and bone mass are found in Athletes and those who gave Manual Labors.

37
Q

Bone is Formed via..

A

Most bone are formed by Edochondral Ossification (

38
Q

Mesenchymal Tissue

A
39
Q

Intramembranous - VS - Endochondrial

A
  1. Intramembranous
    • Froms Flat bones like the Skull, Sternum, Mandible, and clavicle
  2. Endochondrial
    • ​
40
Q

Stress Fractures

A

Stress fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, this includes - car accident, fall, athletics, etc

41
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

Pathological fracture is a break in a bone that is weakened by some disease - This includes bone cancer or osteoporosis

42
Q
A

Fracture - Open Displaced

43
Q
A

Greenstick - Fracture

44
Q
A

Fracture - Comminuted

45
Q
A

Linear - Fracture

46
Q
A

Transverse Non-Displaced - Fracture

47
Q
A

Oblique NonDisplaced - Fracture

48
Q
A

Spiral - Fracture

49
Q
A

Colles - Fracture

50
Q
A

Pott - Fracture

51
Q

Healing of Fractures

A
  1. Fractures takes on average 8 - 12 Weeks to heal (Longer in seniors)
  2. Electrical stimulation is used on fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal
  3. Horsetail Herb is used in helping to repair fractures
52
Q

Fracture Healing Stages

A

Stages of healing

  1. First - Fracture Hematoma
  2. Second - Granulation tissue
  3. Third - Callus formation
53
Q

Bone Diseases

A
  1. Osteoporosis: is the most common bone disease
  2. Rickets Disease - is abnormal softness of bones in children and is called Osteomalacia in adults
54
Q

Bone Nutrition

A

Good nutrition for bones includes:

  • Vitamins:
    • A - Controls activity of Osteoblast and Osteoclasts
    • D - Promotes removal of Calcium from Bones//
    • C - Matain Matrix
  • Minerals
    • Calcium + Phosphorus - Make the bone Matrix Hard
    • Magnesium - deficiency inhibits osteoblast
    • Manganese - Supports liagments
55
Q

Bone Exercise

A
  1. Weight-bearing activities help build and retain bone mass
  2. Removal of mechanical stress weakens bone through demineralization
  3. Response to mechanical stress increases deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers (aids in avoiding osteoporosis).
56
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57
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A & P I (4 decks)

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