Unit 6 : Skin Flashcards
Skin Layers
There are Two (2) layers of skin:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
Subcutaneous
Its deep below the Dermis , its also called Hypodermis or Superficial Fascia
Epidermis
The Epidermis consist of five (5) layers:
(Big . Sweet . Guys . Love . Candy)
- Stratum BASAL
- Stratum SPINOSUM
- Stratum GRANULOSUM
- Stratum LUCIDUM
- Stratum CORNEUM
Integumentary System
The Integumentary System is made up of the:
- Skin
- Nails
- Hair
- Glands
- Nerve Endings
Largest Organ
Skin is largest organ of the body
Stratum BASAL
- This layer provides new cells by mitotic cell division.
- Stratum Basal is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis.
- The Stratum Basal is most the external covering of skin in mammals.
- The stratum Basal is a single layer of columnar or cuboidal basal cells.
Stratum SPINOSUM
- It provides structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion. (Spine Like)
- Found between the stratum Granulosum and stratum Basal
Stratum GRANULOSUM
- Helps to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body.
Stratum LUCIDUM
- Is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis.
- Found in the PALMS and FEET ONLY
Stratum CORNEUM
- Composed of flat, dead cells that continually flake away
- Is a vital barrier of the skin
- The horny outer layer of the skin (Crown Like Shape)
Epidermal Layers - Order
Come :: Lets :: Get :: Sun :: Burnt
- From top to bottom -
- CORNEUM
- LUCIDUM
- GRANULOSUM
- SPINOSUM
- BASAL
Epidermis Cells Anatomy
EPI = Above, top layer of skin Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans Merckel
Keratinocytes
are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. It is an epidermal cell that produces keratin protein, waterproofs, protects, (never needs ironing).
Dermis Cells Anatomy
- Dermal Papillae
- Meissner’s Corpuscles
- is Extensibility = stretch ability
- is Elasticity = bounce back ability
Dermal Papillae forms?
Fingerprints
Meissner’s Corpuscles
are found in the upper dermis, they are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids.
Fingerprints
- Conform to the underlying dermal papillae - Increase grip by increasing friction - Comes in, loops, arches, whorls (LAW)
Where does Callus occurs
Epidermis
Where does Stretch Marks occurs
Dermis
Skin Thickness
The closest estimate of the average thickness of the skin is 1.5 mm
New Skin frequency
We get new skin every 2-4 weeks
Percentage of Household Dust
Seventy-five (75%) percent of house dust is dead skin
Why skin color varies
Skin color results from differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
UVR has a Desirable Effect
UVR helps stimulates synthesis of vitamin D necessary for dietary calcium absorption.
Skin Color : Black People
People native to the tropics and their descendants tend to have well-melanized skin to screen out excessive UVR
Skin Color : Black
People native to the tropics and their descendants tend to have “well-melanized” skin to screen out excessive UVR - Melanin
Skin Color : White
Their skin color consist of blood hemoglobin and carotene with little melanin People native to far northern latitudes where the sunlight is weak, tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UVR penetration.
Skin Color : Albinos
Lack melanocytes
Skin Color : Asians
Carotene
Abnormal Skin Colors
- Cyanosis is blueness
- Erythema is redness can be from sunburn
- Jaundice is yellowness
- Pallor is paleness
Hemangioma
Birthmarks - Discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries
Abnormal Skin Colors
- Cyanosis is blueness
- Erythema is redness can be from sunburn
- Jaundice is yellowness
- Pallor is paleness
Freckles & Moles
is the aggregations of melanocytes - Freckles are flat; Moles are elevated
Flexion Creases
Is formed after birth by repeated closing of the hand
Functions of the Skin (RED TIP)
- Receptors for sensory functions (Heat, Cold, Touch, Pain)
- Emotions / Psychological - Facial Expression, Nonverbal, Appearance
- D Vitamin Synthesis -
- Temperature Regulation - Hot or Cold
- Immunity
- Protection (water barrier, UV barrier)
Skin Regulates Body Temperature
- If the body is cold - Blood vessels closing will occur in the skin
- To decrease the cooling effect sweat has to the skin
- If the body to heated: Vasodilation (opening) of the blood vessels occurs in the skin
- To increase the surface area of the skin to the air to cool the blood
Hair Function
- Hair - protection from sun, heat loss
- Body Hair - alerts us to bugs crawling on skin
- Scalp hair - provides heat retention & sunburn cover
- Pubic hair - indicate sexual maturity & distribute sexual scents
Hair Anatomy
- Shaft
- Root
- Follicle
- Bulb (growth)
- Sebaceous gland (oil)
- Arrector pili muscle (goose bumps)

Body hair
alerts us to bugs crawling on skin
Scalp Hair
provides heat retention & sunburn cover
Pubic & Axillary hair
indicate sexual maturity & help distribute sexual scents
Cutaneous Glands
The Cutaneous Glands is a collection of a Glads that includes the:
- Sweat Glads
- Mammary Glads (AKA the Mama Gald, because it secretes Milk from Nipples)
- Sebaceous Glads

Ceruminous Glands
- Found only in external ear canal
- Produce a waxy substance called cerumen
- Specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
- Ceruminous gland secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells to form earwax
Earwax
- Keeps eardrum pliable
- Waterproofs the canal, Kills bacteria
- Makes the ear hairs sticky to prevent bugs
Skin Cancer
Induced by UV rays of the sun
Type of Skin Cancer:
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell Carcinoma
- Malignant Melanoma (deadly cancer)
Signs of Skin Cancer
There are six (6) signs of Skin Cancer:
A.B.C.D.E
- Asymmetry
- Border Irregular
- Color Mixed
- Diameter over 6 mm
- ..and Evolving
Skin Cancer Prevention
Methods to Prevent Skin Cancers:
- Beta-carotene
- Anti-oxidants
- Dermatologist exam
- Avoid tanning beds

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Malignant Melanoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Third Degree Burns
Third degree burns are not painful because they cause destruction of the sensory nerve endings in the involved skin.
Skin Burns
Types of Skin Burns Includes:
-
Partial Thickness
- First Degree
- Second Degree
-
Full Thickness
- Third Dgree
Inflammation
is a defense response from cell damage due to:
- Bugs
- Physical Trauma
- Chemical Agents such as diet
Cardinal Signs
Five (5) Cardinal Signs of Inflammation:
- Pain – caused by inflammatory chemicals (bradykinin, prostaglandins) secreted by damaged cells, pressure on nerves
- Heat – caused by hyperemia
- Redness (erythema) – caused by hyperemia ( blood flow)
- Swelling (edema) – caused by capillary permeability and filtration