Unit 7 - Blood Flashcards
how much of the human body weight (in kg) is blood?
~7-8%
blood cells sediment in a test tube due to:
gravity or a centrifuge
blood is a:
liquid connective tissue
what are the four main functions of blood?
- transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, ions, hormones, and heat
- regulation: ion and pH balance
- defense: immune protection
- hemostasis: prevention of blood loss
percent of total blood volume occupied by packed red blood cells
hematocrit
how is the hematocrit calculated?
(x/y) x100%
takes up about 55% of the blood volume in humans
plasma
made up of white blood cells and platlets, consists of <1% of the blood volume in humans
buffy coat
takes up about 45% of the blood volume in humans
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
a condition characterized by a significantly low red blood cell count (~20-25%)
anemia
a condition characrerized by a significantly high red blood cell count (~55%)
polycythemia
the extracellular fluid is made up of:
plasma and interstitial fluid
non-cellular portion of the blood
plasma
fluid found outside of cells and blood vessels
interstitial fluid
act as solutes and creates osmotic pressure by pulling water into the blood vessel
plasma protein
what is composistion of plasma?
- > 90% water
- electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements and gases
- substances being transported (ex: CO2)
what are the five major functions of plasma proteins?
1) distribution of body water
2) buffering
3) transport
4) defence
5) hemostasis
part of the plasma with the clotting factors removed
serum
what is the normal red blood cell count in females?
4.2-5.4x10^6 cells per microliter
what is the normal red blood cell count for males?
4.7-6.1x10^6 cells per microliter
don’t stain with either eosin or hematoxylin, thus the granules can’t be seen under a microscope
neutrophils
attracted to the eosin stain, acidic
eosinophil
type of granulocyte that forms phagocytes
neutrophils
type of granolycyte that functions in defense against parasites
eosinophils
what are the three main types of white blood cells?
granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes
type of granulocyte that functions in inflammation
basophil
what are the three types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
type of white blood cell that forms phagocytes and functions in immune defenses
monocytes
type of lymphocyte that is responsible for antibody production and functions in humoral immunity
B-cells
type of lymphocyte that functions in cellular immunity
T-cells
process of formation of blood cells
hematopoiesis
before birth, where does hematopoiesis take place?
yolk sac, liver (fetal), spleen (fetal)
after birth, where does hematopoiesis take place?
bone marrow
cells in the bone marrow that have the potential to divide into different types of blood cells based on the body’s needs
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
multipotent stem cells can divide into these two classes
lymphoid stem cells and mylenoid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells form:
lymphocytes
mylenoid stem cells form:
anything that isn’t a lymphocyte
T-cells begin development in the bone marrow but finish in the:
thymus gland
these immune cells are the only ones that can be reabsorbed into the blood after being released to the body tissues
B-cells and T-cells
how is hematopoiesis regulated?
cytokines
small proteins that are hormone-like in their mechanism of action and act as growth factors
cytokines
another word for cytokines
hematopoietins
what is the approximate lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
what is the function of red blood cells?
O2 transport
what are the advantages for the biconcave shape of red blood cells?
- gives high SA:V ratio which allows easy diffusion of gases
- helps w/ tortion (bending/ twisting)
true or false: red blood cells lose their nucleus and other organelles right before entering the blood stream
true
what are the key components of hemoglobin?
- globin (4)
- heme (4)
- ferrous iron (4)
responsible for ~98-99% of total oxygen transport
hemoglobin
how does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?
each ferrous iron loosely binds to one molecule of oxygen by oxygenation
why is carbon monoxide so fatal?
it has 200x more binding affinity with hemoglobin
which cytokines are essential for red blood cell production?
erythropoietins
which dietary factors are essential for red blood cell production?
iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
true or false: the stomach does not release an intrinsic protein factor that is essential for red blood cell production
false
small amounts are released daily to maintain a constant blood volume
erythropoietin
secretes erhythropoietins
kidneys
has sensors for O2 levels in the blod
kidneys
where is the body iron stored?
50%: Hb
25%: other iron containing proteins
25%: bound with ferritin
vitamin B12 is needed to make:
folic acid
a lack of vitamin B12 causes:
pernicious anemia
what is anemia?
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of rbcs and/ or hemoglobin contained in the rbcs
increased destruction of the rbcs in the body
hemolytic anemia
increased blood loss leading to loss of rbcs
hemorrhagic anemia
