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PHYSL 212 > Unit 4 - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • large scale dissection of different brain regions
  • usually visible with the naked eye
  • examples include the spinal chord, brainstem, and cortex
    these are all characteristics of which organizational region for the CNS:
A

macroscale

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2
Q
  • related to individual neurons and to large networks of neurons
  • ex: the cortex can be dissected into different function regions for things like vision or attention
    these are characteristics of which organizational region for the CNS:
A

mesoscale

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3
Q
  • require a microscope
  • ex: dendritic spines and axons that communicate
    these are characteristics of which organizational region for the CNS:
A

microscale

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4
Q
  • require a high-power microscope, or other mathods that enable analysis at the molecular level
  • ex: synapses and vesicles, sub-cellular organelles
    these are characteristics of which organizational region for the CNS:
A

nanoscale

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5
Q

define sagittal

A

from the side

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6
Q

define coronal

A

from the front or back

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7
Q

define horizontal

A

view from the ‘top’ (bird’s eye view)

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8
Q

dorsal is _______, ventral is _______

A

up, down

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9
Q

in the spinal chord, ventral is _______, and dorsal is _______

A

toward the body, toward the back/periphery

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10
Q

the space between cortical folds

A

sulcus

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11
Q

the actual folds of the brain where cells are contained

A

gyrus

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12
Q

true or false: sulci are functional parts of the brain

A

false, they are landmarks

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13
Q

what is white matter?

A

axon tracts containing myelin and glial cells

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14
Q

what is grey matter?

A

the cells of the brain

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15
Q

what is the brain ventricle?

A

areas containing cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

in what direction do signals travel on the spinothalamic pathway?

A

from spinal cord to the thalamus

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17
Q

in what direction do signals travel on the thalamocortical pathway?

A

from the thalamus to the cortex

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18
Q

which structure of the brain is the one to have most recently evolved?

A

the cortex

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19
Q

true or false: many rules of the how the CNS is organized are preserved across species

A

true

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20
Q

what are the six major divisions of the macroscale in the CNS?

A

1) cerebrum
2) diencephalon
3) brainstem
4) cerebellum
5) spinal cord
6) retina

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21
Q

this division of the macroscale CNS responsible for thought, language, and memory

A

cerebrum

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22
Q

the division of the macroscale CNS responsible for sensory relay to the cerebral cortex, hunger, thirst, and aggresion

A

diencephalon

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23
Q

the division of the macroscale CNS responsible for arousal, movement, breathing, swallowing, etc.

A

brainstem

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24
Q

the division of the macroscale CNS responsible for coordination, balance, and motor memory

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges?

A

the dura matter, arachnoid matter, and pia matter

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26
Q
  • outermost layer
  • thick and durable
  • elastic
  • supports blood vessels
    these are characteristics of which layer of the meninges?
A

dura matter

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27
Q
  • cushioning layer
  • does not follow the cortex into the sulci
    these are characteristics of which layer of the meninges?
A

arachnoid matter

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28
Q
  • thin delicate layer
  • completely encloses the brain and spinal cords
  • permeable to fluids
  • densely covered in blood vascularization
    these are characteristics of which layer of the meninges?
A

pia matter

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29
Q

the pia matter of the meninges is permeable to _____

A

fluids

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30
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges. messes with blood flow to the brain

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31
Q

the dorsal root of the spinal cord carries ________ information from the periphery and the ventral root carries ________ information to act on muscles

A

sensory, motor

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32
Q

what is the brain stem comprised of?

A

the midbrain, pons, and medulla

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33
Q

what is the main function of the brainstem?

A

connects regions of the cerebrum with the spinal cord

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34
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A

contains dopaminergic cells that are involved in motor control

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35
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

serves in respiration

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36
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A

serves in cardiac control, respiration control, and other vital functions

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37
Q

there are about as many neurons in the cerebellum as there are in the:

A

forebrain

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38
Q

this structure of the brain is important for balance, motor learning, and posture contral. many other functions such as social behaviours have also been attributed to it.

A

cerebellum

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39
Q

what are the two main structures of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

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40
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

involved in receiving inputs from the external world

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41
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

involved in endocrine control, sleep, stress, almost everything

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42
Q

damage to the cerebellum may disrupt:

A

posture and gait

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43
Q

damage to the diencephalon may disrupt:

A

endocrine signalling and lead to changes in energy balance, sleep, stress, etc.

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44
Q

what is the function of the cortex?

A

different regions are responsible for different aspects of sensory/motor function

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45
Q

damage to the specific parts of the cortex may:

A

cause very specific changes in the funtion of these regions

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46
Q

which part of the brain does Alzheimer’s affect?

A

the cerebrum/cortex

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47
Q

what is topography?

A

the spatial distribution of parts within an organ

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48
Q

neurons in the brain are located topographically, which means:

A

neurons are most connected to other neurons located close by

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49
Q

neighbouring brain regions often have complimentary function, which means the brain is:

A

topographically organized

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50
Q

how are the mesoscale and macroscale measured?

A

fMRI, which uses blood oxygen level signals to infer neural activity

51
Q

how are the mesoscale and mircroscale measured?

A

confocal fluorescense microscopy, which can study signle neurons and their parts, even measuring activity in real time

52
Q

how are the microscale and nanoscale measured?

A

electron microscipy, which can study vesicles and synapses

53
Q
  • contains many nuclei, often with different functions
  • body temperature
  • arousal
  • circadian rhythms
  • reproduction behaviours
    these are all characteristics of:
A

the hypothalamus

54
Q

what % of inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) come from the retina?

A

10%

55
Q

different parts of the thalamus connect _______ to the parts of the cortex

A

selectively

56
Q

the lateral geniculate connects to the:

A

visual cortex

57
Q

the medial geniculate connects to the:

A

auditory cortex

58
Q

true or false: the thalamus only communicates with sensory cortex

A

false, some thalamic regions communicate with the “cognitive” regions of the brain

59
Q

what is the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)?

A

a region of the thalamus which contains a nucleus with entirely inhibitory cells

60
Q

what is the function of the TRN?

A

inhibits the activity of the primary and secondary thalamic regions

61
Q

how many cortical layers are in the thalamus?

A

six

62
Q

neurons within a cortical column as a ‘unit’ to respond to:

A

similar sensory features

63
Q

what are the four coritcal lobes?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
64
Q

which lobe is responsible for working memory, planning, action generation/inhibition?

A

frontal lobe

65
Q

which lobe is responsible for somatosensory activation, and sensorimotor integration?

A

parietal lobe

66
Q

which lobe is responsible for visual cortex and all visual subregions?

A

occipital lobe

67
Q

which lobe is responsible for regulating the auditory cortex, and other ‘association’ cortex regions?

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

what is the associational cortex?

A

a multimodal processing center, where motor and sensory information are integrated

69
Q

the map of how much brain area is devoted to sensing each part of the body

A

the homunculus representation

70
Q

the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex are separated by the:

A

central gyrus

71
Q

stimulation of different regions can evoke different motor outputs from different parts of the body on the:

A

contralateral side of the body

72
Q

what were the Penfield experiments?

A

awake patients undergoing epilepsy surgery received cortical stimulation

73
Q

most neural pathways are __________ and cross over to the opposite side of the brain or spinal cord

A

bilaterally symmetrical

74
Q

what are commissures?

A

crossing axons

75
Q

describes to the projection from the visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex. concerned with determining what an object is and where it is located in visual space

A

ventral visual stream

76
Q

describes the projection from the visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex. concerned with determining where an object is located and motion of objects

A

the dorsal visual stream

77
Q

neurons in the inferotemporal cortex are sometimes tuned to:

A

particuar faces

78
Q

what is the fusiform face area (FFA)?

A

identification of person

79
Q

what is the occipital face area (OFA)?

A

perception of specific facial features

80
Q

the FFA and OFA connect to regions of the brain that link:

A

faces to emotions, memory, social information, and speech processing

81
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A

cells that increase activity during both the execution and observation of an action

82
Q

where are mirror neurons located?

A

the premotor cortex

83
Q

widespread projections from association neocortex converge on the:

A

hippocampal region

84
Q

in the case study of HM, the surgical removal of the hippocampus resulted in:

A

severe antegrade amnesia

85
Q

HM helped us discover that:

A

brain structures underlying explicit and implicit memory are different

86
Q

how many neurons are in the human brain?

A

~80 billion

87
Q

the proportion of neurons to glial cells is:

A

brain region specific

88
Q

in the hippocampus, 80% of neurons are ________ and 20% are ________

A

excitatory pyramidal cells, inhibitory neurons

89
Q

inhibitory cells release ______, and excitatory cells release ______

A

GABA, glutamate

90
Q
  • mainly on excitatory neurons
  • inputs drives excitation
A

spines

91
Q

highly ramified structures extending up to 0.5mm from the cell body. spines are found here.

A

dendrites

92
Q

inputs are integrated here, and if the input is strong enough an action potential will be initiated

A

cell body

93
Q

action potentials travel down this structure and when the pre-synaptic terminal is reached, the process of neurotransmitter release is initiated

A

axon

94
Q

what is an EPSP?

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential, facilitates the generation of an action potential

95
Q

what is an IPSP?

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential, can prevent action potentials

96
Q

what is feedforward excitation?

A

one neuron fires an action potential and activates the next neuron

97
Q

what is feedforward inhibition?

A

activation of interneurons by excitatory inputs. when excitation arrives from one one region, inhibitory and excitatory cells in the next region will be activated

98
Q

what is feedback excitation/inhibition?

A

feedback locally within a region will stop the activity of local neurons

99
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when the neuron in one region fires an action potential, it activates an inhibitory cell, which prevents other neurons within that region from being active. this way the signal can be propogated to specific regions.

100
Q

lateral inhibition is important for coding:

A

sensory information

101
Q

in the hippocampus, the excitatory cells are densely pasked in the:

A

dendate gyrus and pyramidal cell layers

102
Q
  • required for learning new declaritive memories
  • critical for spatial learning and memory
  • also important for non spatial learning
  • critical for making associations between events occuring in close temporal succession to each other
A

hippocampus

103
Q

what is a place cell?

A

one that forms a ‘place field’ which is an area of the environment that is encoded by the cell

104
Q

most pyramidal cells exhibit ________ characteristics, and most ________ are pyramidal cells

A

place cells (x2)

105
Q

true or false: one place cell can encode for multiple environments

A

true

106
Q

hippocampal cells get inputs from ______ with different spatial layouts and summate to generate a place cell in the hippocampus

A

grid cells

107
Q

both excitation and inhibition are likely involved in generating:

A

place field firing in hippocampal regions

108
Q

what is synaptic plasticity?

A

the capacity to alter the physiological strength of transmission by modifying past activity and behavioural experience

109
Q

underlies numerous important processes, including short and long-term memory, learning, brain development, and remodeling of brain circuits after injury

A

synaptic plasticity

110
Q

changes in EPSP amplitude are a measure of:

A

synaptic plasticity

111
Q

EPSP’s arise from activity at which receptors?

A

NMDA and AMPA

112
Q

where are NMDA and AMPA receptors found in high density?

A

dendritic spines

113
Q

what is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

a high frequency stimulation causes a long-lasting change in the response to subsequent stimulations

114
Q

how long can LTP last for in an intact animal?

A

more than a year

115
Q

what are the two main conditions for NMDARs to conduct ions

A

postsynaptic depolarization and glutamate binding

116
Q

what are NMDARs?

A

voltage-dependent, chemically-gated channels. they are coincidence detectors

117
Q

what is CaMKII?

A

calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II. is phosphorylates proteins like AMPARs

118
Q

induction and expression of LTP require:

A

activation of NMDARs, protein kinases, phosphorylation of existing proteins, and insertion of AMPARs

119
Q

what does adding more postsynaptic receptors do?

A

increases synaptic strength

120
Q

NMDA receptors are unblocked by:

A

depolarization and calcium entering the cell

121
Q

when more AMPA receptors are inserted after calcium influx occurs, _______ is expressed

A

LTP

122
Q

dendritic spines are always:

A

changing

123
Q

how can spatial memory be tested in mice?

A

the Morris Water maze, where mice have to learn to find a hidden platform in cloudy water. however, blocking NMDA receptors during training impairs performance of this task

124
Q
A

PHYSL 212 (8 decks)

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