Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSL 212 > Unit 2 - Nerve and Synapse > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Nerve and Synapse Flashcards

1
Q

the basic building blocks of the human brain

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

all brain functions involve the generation and transmission of __________ by and between nerve cells at ___________

A

electrical signals, neuromuscular junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two key components of the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two key components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

the crainial nerves and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a set of twelve nerves connected directly to the brain which are responsible for things like facial expressions and movements

A

cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a set of nerves connected directly to the spinal chord that are responsible for modulating motor and sensory information

A

spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neurons recieve synaptic inputs from other cells at their _________

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three types of neurons?

A

1) sensory neuron
2) motor neuron
3) interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

all neurons have __________ for recieving/integrating inputs, conducting action potentials, and for sending __________ at synapses

A

specialized sub-regions, chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the equation for membrane potential?

A

Vm = Vi - Vo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

by convention, the outside of the nerve cells is considered to be _____mV because ________

A

0, it is very stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell?

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the net current of the resting membrane potential?

A

I = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the membrane is impermeable to what three key ions?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the Nerst equation?

A

Ex = (58/z)log([X]o/[X]i)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concentration gradients are maintained by _______, notably the ______ pump

A

ATPases, Na/K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

compared to the outside of the cell, the inside has a __________ charge

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the four basic steps of an action potential?

A

1) depolarization
2) repolarization
3) hyperpolarization
4) return to rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when negative ions move outside of the nerve cell, and positive ions move inside the nerve cell, this creates a _______

A

negative current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when negative ions move inside the nerve cell, and positive ions move outside the nerve cell, this creates a _______

A

positive current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a measure of easiness of ion flow across a resistor, with units in siemens

A

conductance (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the inverse of conductance, with units in ohms

A

resistance (R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the electrival driving force to move charges

A

Voltage (V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is Ohm’s Law according to cell physiology?

A

I = G(Vm - Vrest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the magnitude of a chemical driving force is proportional to the _______

A

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the electrical driving force on ions is provided by the _______

A

membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does it mean for an ion channel to be selective?

A

the channels are permeable only to specific ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does it mean for ion channels to be non-selective?

A

the channels are permeable to most if not all ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does it mean for an ion channel to be gated?

A

has a specific trigger to open/close it, very regulated and controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ion flow across a membrane is driven by:

A

electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many ions flow through an open ion channel per second?

A

10^7-10^8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • ligands
  • post-translational modifications
  • depolarization/ hyperpolarization
  • stretch, pressure, flow
  • non-gated
    these are all types of:
A

channel gating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ATPase is an example of what type of transport?

A

primary active transport

34
Q

symporters and antiporters are an example of what type of transport?

A

secondary active transport

35
Q

uniporters and ion channels, which are driven by their own electrochemical gradient, are an example of what type of transport?

A

passive transport

36
Q

what is a symporter?

A

an ion channel where the driving molecule and the transport molecule move in the same direction

37
Q

what is an antiporter?

A

an ion channel where the driving molecule and transporter molecule move in the opposite direction

38
Q

in a transport cycle, the transporters undergo:

A

conformational changes

39
Q

different cells have different _____ for their action potentials

A

shapes

40
Q

what are the three main phases of an action potential?

A

1) depolarization
2) repolarization
3) hyperpolarization/ refractory period

41
Q

the giant squid has an axon how large?

A

1mm

42
Q

what is the role of tetrodotoxin (TTX)?

A

blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels

43
Q

what is the role of tetraethylammonium (TEA)?

A

blocks voltage-gated K+ channels

44
Q

the slow inactivating of K+ channels while the Na+ channels are already inactivated explains the prescence of:

A

hyperpolarization

45
Q

as depolarization increases from 0 - +52 mV, the fast inward Na+ current ______, and the slow outward K+ current _______

A

decreases, increases

46
Q

at +65mV, the fast Na+ current becomes:

A

positive

47
Q

4 identical proteins embedded in the cell membrane that form the voltage gated K+ channel

A

tetramer

48
Q

4 non identical proteins embedded in the cell membrane that form the voltage gated Na+ channel

A

monomer

49
Q

how many activation segments does a K+ tetramer have?

A

4

50
Q

how many activation segments does an Na+ monomer have?

A

1

51
Q

in the Na+ channel, the voltage center moves up during _______, then down during ________

A

depolarization, repolarization

52
Q

during the refractory period in the Na+ channel, what happens to the voltage centers?

A

the voltage centers are closed even tighter than at rest in order to prevent another depolarization

53
Q

membrane potential at which a spike is initiated. always more positive than the resting potential

A

threshold

54
Q

magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus

A

graded potentials

55
Q

true or false: graded potentials can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

A

true

56
Q

the time during which the axon is resistant to generating a spike. it results from Na+ channels being inactivated and relatively irresponsive to depolarization.

A

refractory period/ hyperpolarization

57
Q

passive spread of current down a dendrite/axon depends on:

A

resistance to flow of current

58
Q

smaller dendrites/axons have _________ and current flows with ________ down a smaller dendrite/axon.

A

higher resistance, difficulty

59
Q

electrically insulating and mechanically supporting layers formed by the plasma membrane of a glial (or schwann) cell

A

myelin sheath

60
Q

nodes of ranvier are:

A

“naked” or without myelin

61
Q

what is the benefit of myelination along the axon?

A

the action potential ‘jumps’ and increases conduction speed by 100-10K folds

62
Q

chemical synapses are _________, whereas electrical synapses are _________

A

unidirectional, bidirectional

63
Q

the presence of vesicles in presynaptic terminals is indicative of:

A

chemical synapses

64
Q

during the process of recycling neurotransmitters, the import of neurotransmitters to a vsicle requires:

A

ATP

65
Q

during the process of recycling neurotransmitters, presynaptic uptake of a neurotransmitter requires:

A

the cotransport of the neurotransmitter with Na+

66
Q

synaptic transmissions can be either _______ or _______

A

excitatory, inhibitory

67
Q

what is an example of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

the neurotransmitter glutamate causing Na+ channels in the postsynaptic neuron to open, causing depolarization

68
Q

what is an example of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

the neurotransmitter GABA causes Cl- channels in the postsynaptic neuron to open, causing hyperpolarization

69
Q

the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) opens non-selective cation channels, which conduct both Na+ and K+ ions, at the:

A

neuromuscular junction

70
Q

which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine for recycling?

A

acetylcholinase (AChE)

71
Q

what is the effect of acetylcholine opening a nonselective cation channel?

A

depolarization occurs because there is more Na+ entry than K+ efflux at rest

72
Q

neurotransmitters and voltage-gated channels work together to create:

A

postsynaptic action potentials

73
Q

presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activation leads to:

A

postsynaptic currents

74
Q

binds to calcium inside of the nerve terminal. this has no effect on presynaptic voltage spike, but blocks the postsynaptic potential by blocking the release of neurotransmitters.

A

Ca chelator

75
Q

what is an end-point potential (EPP)?

A

an EPSP in a muscle cell

76
Q

true or false: EPSPs decay in size over long distances

A

true

77
Q

results from the release of a very small amount of a neurotransmitter, contained in a single vesicle:

A

miniature endplate potential (MEPP)

78
Q

neurotransmitters are released in ________ packets: the smallest ________ will release a 0.4mV depolarization

A

quantal, quantum

79
Q

one quantum of neurotransmitters is equivalent to:

A

one vesicle of neurotransmitters

80
Q

the time between the onset of the presynaptic spike and the onset of EPSP

A

synaptic delay

81
Q

what are the five basic steps of a reflex arc?

A

1) arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
2) activation of a sensory neuron
3) information processing in the CNS (by interneurons)
4) activation of motor neuron
5) response by effector

PHYSL 212 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions