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PHYSL 212 > Unit 3 - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: the autonomic nervous system carries out involuntary functions

A

true

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2
Q

what are the three key functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • maintenance of homeostasis
  • activation of energy mechanisms (fight or flight)
  • housekeeping functions (digestion)
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3
Q

what is the function of afferent neurons?

A

relay sensory information to the CNS

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4
Q

what is the function of efferent neurons?

A

relay motor commands from the CNS to target tissues

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5
Q

the efferent division of the autonomic nervous system is split into what two parts?

A
  • somatic motor
  • automatic motor
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6
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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7
Q

true or false: cranial nerves contain only efferent fibers

A

false. they have both afferent and efferent components

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8
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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9
Q

true or false: spinal nerves contain only afferent fibers

A

false. they have both afferent and efferent components

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10
Q
  • single neuron
  • single target
  • single synapse
  • always excitatory
    these are characteristics of neurons from the:
A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q
  • 2 neuron chain connected by a synapse
  • multiple targets
  • excitatory and inhibitory effects
    these are characteristics of neurons from the:
A

autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

a cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion

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13
Q

in the parasympathetic nervous system, there is a ______ preganglionic fiber, and a ______ postganglionic fiber

A

long, short

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14
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system, there is a ______ preganglionic fiber, and a ______ postganglionic fiber?

A

short, long

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15
Q

the sympathetic nervous system is located in:

A

the thoracic and lumbar regions

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16
Q

a set of paired chains of interconnected ganglia that lie on either side of the vertebral coloumn

A

sympathetic trunk/chain

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17
Q

the sympathetic trunk is also known as the:

A

paravertebral ganglion

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18
Q

sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column, outside the symathetic chain, close to the viscera and arteries

A

collateral ganglion

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19
Q

in the sympathetic division of the ANS, a signal has three neural pathways it can travel through after passing through the ventral root. what are those three pathways?

A

1) synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion
2) travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
3) pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve

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20
Q

two branches which connect a paravertebral ganglion to a spinal nerve

A

communicating rami

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21
Q

a branch of the sympathetic pathways by which a myelinated preganglionic fiber leaves the spinal nerve and enters a sympathetic ganglion

A

white rami

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22
Q

a branch of the sympathetic pathways by which unmyelinated postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion to re-enter the spinal nerve

A

grey rami

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23
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

dilation of pupils; adjustment for far vision

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24
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the cardiovascular system?

A

increased heart rate and force of contraction

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25
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on most of the arterioles and veins?

A

constriction

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26
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the skeletal muscle?

A

either constriction or dilation, depending on what neurotransmitter is released

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27
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the lungs?

A

dilation of bronchioles and inhibition of mucus secretion

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28
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the digestive tract?

A

decreased motility and inhibition of degestive secretions

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29
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the adrenal medulla?

A

stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion

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30
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the sweat glands?

A

stimulation of secretion (most - thermoregulation)

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31
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?

A

stimulation of small volume of thick saliva which is rich in mucus

32
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the bladder?

A

prevents voiding

33
Q

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the genitals?

A

males: emission
females: uterus contraction

34
Q

the adrenal medulla is innervated by:

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

35
Q

the adrenal medulla releases _____% epinephrine and _____% nerepinephrine

36
Q

true or false: epinephrine and norepinephrine are only neurotransmitters

A

false, they can be either neurotransmitters or hormones depending on how and where they are released

37
Q

why are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine so long lasting?

A

it takes a while for them to be recycled back to the liver

38
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system is located in the:

A

brain stem (cranium) and sacral regions

39
Q

what nerve carries 75% of parasympathetic innervation?

A

vagus nerve (AKA the tenth cranial nerve)

40
Q

a parasympathetic ganglion situated on or close to an innervated organ, the site where preganglionic nerve fibers terminate

A

terminal ganglion

41
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the eyes?

A

constriction of pupil; adjustment for near vision

42
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the cardiovascular system?

A

decrease heart rate and force of contraction to atria only

43
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the blood vessels?

A

almost no innervation (except to the genitals)

44
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the lungs?

A

constriction of bronchioles, stimulation of mucus secretion

45
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the digestive tract?

A

increased motility, stimulation of digestive secretion

46
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the adrenal medulla?

47
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the sweat glands?

48
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the salivary glands?

A

stimulation of a large volume of watery, enzyme rich saliva

49
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the bladder

A

voids the bladder

50
Q

what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the genitals?

A

males: erection

51
Q

the background level of activity maintained by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

autonomic tone

52
Q

balance between sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone shifts in accordance with:

A

the body’s needs

53
Q

the sympathetic nervous system dominates during the _________ response, and the parasympathetic nervous system dominates during the _________ response

A

fight or flight, rest and digest

54
Q

what is dual innervation?

A

the idea that most body organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

55
Q

what are the exceptions to dual innervation?

A

adrenal medulla, most blood vessels, and sweat glands. they receive only sympathetic stimulation

56
Q

what is an antagonistic effect?

A

when there are opposing effects in the autonomic nervous system.

57
Q

what is a cooperative effect?

A

when the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system work together

58
Q

chains of swellings along the branches of a postganglionic fiber; contain synaptic vesicles which release neurotramsmitters

A

varicosity

59
Q
  • found at all autonomic ganglia
  • parasympathetic postganglionic endings
  • a few sympathetic postganglionic endings
    these area characteristics of the neurotransmitter:
A

acetylcholine (ACh)

60
Q
  • mostly sympathetic postganglionic endings
  • released from the adrenal medulla
  • can also be a hormone
    these are characteristics of the neurotransmitter:
A

norepinephrine/epinephrine

61
Q

what are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

62
Q
  • found on the postsynaptic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia
  • ionotropic
A

nicotinic receptors (Nn)

63
Q

what does it mean to be ionotropic?

A

receptors are also ligand-gated ion channels

64
Q
  • found on effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac musle, glands),
  • blocked by atropine
  • metabotropic
A

muscarinic receptors

65
Q

what does it mean to be metabotropic?

A

binding of NE/E or ACh causes excitation or inhibition of target through G-protein coupled mechanism

66
Q
  • bind NE/E
  • found on effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
  • blocked by propanolol
  • metabotropic
A

adrenergenic receptors

67
Q

the binding of ACh to _______ receptors and NE/E to _______ receptors produces response through G-protein coupled mechanism

A

muscarinic, adrenergic

68
Q

numerous presynaptic neurons form synapses with a single postsynaptic neuron

A

convergence

69
Q

a small number of presynaptic neurons form synapses with a large number of postsynaptic neurons

A

divergence

70
Q

the sympathetic nervous system exhibits a higher degree of _____ than the parasympathetic system

A

divergence

71
Q

what are the three main integrating centers for the autonomic nervous system?

A

the spinal chord, medulla oblongata, and hypothalamus

72
Q

integrates autonomic reflexes for things like urination and defacation (where the brain can be trained to influence these reflexes)

A

spinal chord

73
Q

contains major ANS reflex centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activity

A

medulla oblongata (brainstem)

74
Q

integration and command center for autonomic functions; temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

PHYSL 212 (8 decks)

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