Unit 7 Flashcards
Omnibus Terms
Used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions; Cover various functions of stimuli
2 Omnibus terms commonly used by behavior analysts
Aversive stimulus Appetitive stimulus
Aversive Stimulus
Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it. Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset. Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset. It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.
Appetitive Stimulus
Its onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset.
Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset.
It abates behavior that removes it.
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses.
A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain
Behavior chain
The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of an operant class
Induction
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
Shaping
The terminal target response is a distinct topography- a different response- than the response that is currently occuring
Shaping across topographies
The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration
Shaping within topographies
3 parameters of Reinforcement
Magnitude
Quantity
Duration
The rule that describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not
Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior.
Continuous reinforcement
Some responses are reinforced and some are not; used to maintain already established behavior
Intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses
Ratio
Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement
Interval
The number of responses, or amount of time, remains the same
Fixed
The number of responses, or amount of time, is random, but centers around a particular value
Variable
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reincement
Limited hold
All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement, which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule
FR schedules
Produce steady and high rates of responding
VR schedules
A behavioral effectassociated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
Ratio strain
Scalloped; Produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement,which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at the time closest to reinforcement.
FI schedules
Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding
VI schedules
Apreferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement
Time-based schedules
Reinforcement occurs if and only if the rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value
Differential Reinforcement of a High Rate of Responding (DRH)
The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time)
DRH-IRT schedules
Consistof two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response
Concurrent schedules
Consistof two or more alternating schedules, each associated with a different stimulus
Multiple Schedules
The same as a multiple schedule except that there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule
Mixed Schedule
A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the response requirements for that component schedule in the chain
Chained schedule
Similar to chained schedules but with no discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain
Tandem Schedules
Behavioral contrast
A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
States that organisms match relative rates of behavior to relative rates of reinforcement
Matching Law
