Unit 4 Flashcards
Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions
The Law of Effect
Discovered The Law of Effect
Edward Lee Thorndike
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences
Operant Behavior
The Operant Chamber
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Radical Behaviorism
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Analysis of Verbal Behavior
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
The Cumulative Recorder
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Programmed Instruction
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Have a strengthening or weakening effect on the future probability of the behavior under similar conditions
Consequences in operant behavior
The ability to learn through consequences, which results in new behavior and changes in dimensions of behavior
Operant selection
Behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime.
Process of operant selection
Simplest type of operant contingency
R-S (Response-Stimulus)
Basic 3-term contingency
S-R-S, more popularly stated as A-B-C (antecedent-behavior-consequence)
2 general types of consequences
Reinforcement and Punishment
Conditioned positive reinforcement, unconditioned positive reinforcement, conditioned negative reinforcement, unconditioned negative reinforcement, conditioned positive punishment, unconditioned positive punishment, conditioned negative punishment, unconditioned negative punishment
8 specific types of consequences
SR+
Unconditioned Positive Reinforcement
Sr+
Conditioned Positive Reinforcement
SR-
Unconditioned Negative Reinforcement
Sr-
Conditioned Negative Reinforcement
SP+
Unconditioned Positive Punishment
Sp-
Conditioned Negative Punishment
Sp+
Conditioned Positive Punishment
Two other types of consequences that consist of withholding previous consequences
Extinction (from reinforcement) and Recovery (from punishment)
Discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
Extinction
An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Reinforcement
Environmental change must occur after the response, must occur immediately after the response, contingent upon the response, must increase or maintain future responding, automaticity
5 Critical attributes of reinforcement
Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; works without any need for verbal-mediation
Automaticity
If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase
The Premack Principle
A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Reinforcer
Conditioned or unconditioned, positive or negative, automatic or socially mediated, variety of schedules, natural or planned, reinforcing under some conditions but not others
6 Variable attributes of reinforcement
A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance(genetics
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers; effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)
Conditioned Reinforcer
A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and is effective for a wide range of behaviors
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Positive Reinforcement
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Negative Reinforcement
