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Biology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem

A

producers

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2
Q

how are producers involved in evergy flow in an ecosystem

A

take in sunlight and convert it to chemical energy of sugars

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3
Q

how do producers recycle chemical nutrients in an ecosystem

A

convert CO2 and H2O to sugar and O2

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4
Q

why are plants autotrophs

A

bc they make their own food

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5
Q

what types of organisms besides plants are producers

A

algae, kelp, cyanobacteria, other prokaryotes

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6
Q

organisms that produce food using the energy of light

A

photoautotrophs

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7
Q

what part of the leaf contains chloroplasts

A

mesophyll layer

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8
Q

how many membranes do chloroplasts have

A

two

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9
Q

where is the chlorophyll located within chloroplast?

A

in thylakoid, within stacks of grana

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10
Q

reactants of photosyntehsis

A

water and carbon dioxide

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11
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

glucose, water, oxygen

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12
Q

where is the oxygen from - which reactant

A

water

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13
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

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14
Q

what is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide to glucose

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15
Q

what is oxidized in photosynthesis?

A

water to oxygen

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16
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis

A

redox (oxidation-reduction)

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17
Q

what is photosynthesis the opposite of

A

cellular respiration - it reverses the flow and involves an uphill climb that is endergonic - cell. resp. is food to energy, photosynthesis is energy to food

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18
Q

how do electrons gain energy

A

by being boosted up an energy hill

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19
Q

what provides the boost for electrons

A

light energy captured by chlorophyll molecules

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20
Q

where is the chemical energy made from light energy stored

A

in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules (glucose)

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21
Q

form of photosystem

A

contains light harvesting complex w pigments (chlorophyll)

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22
Q

function of photosystem

A
  • acts as light gathering antenna
  • pigments absorb photons, passing the energy, until it reaches the reaction center complex
  • reaction center complex: electron transfer from chlorophyll to primary electron acceptor
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23
Q

fixed amount of light energy

A

photon

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24
Q

what happens when a pigment absorbs a photon

A

electron jumps to a level farther from nucleus ( excited state )

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25
Q

why do electrons return from their excited state?

A

it is unstable

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26
Q

what occurs as the electrons return to ground state

A

release of heat and light

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27
Q

how many photosystems are in lights reactions

A

2: Photosystem II and Photosystem I

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28
Q

reactants of light reactions

A

photons of light energy

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29
Q

products of light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

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30
Q

how are the photosystems related

A

the electrons boosted by PII are passed through the “ATP mill” and boosted again by PI, to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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31
Q

where are light reactions occuring

A

thylakoid membrane

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32
Q

how does sunlight enter photosystem

A

through the chlorophyll molecules

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33
Q

what flows through the membrane

A

electrons

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34
Q

where the electrons end up after light reactions

A

NADPH

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35
Q

when H2O is split, whre do the protons begin to build up?

A

thylakoid space

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36
Q

what concentration are the protons going to in light reactions

A

low to high - get their energy from the electrons passing through

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37
Q

Define photoautotroph & provide examples

A

an organism that produces organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light. examples: kelp, alga, and cyanobacteria

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38
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll & where is it found in a plant cell?

A

a light absorbing pigment in the chloroplast that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. the chlorophyll are found in the thylakoid

39
Q

Where are most cloroplasts concentrated within plants?

A

concentrated in the cells of th mesophyll, a green tissue in the interior of a leaf

40
Q

Write the equation for photosynthesis & label which reactant becomes reduced and which reactant becomes oxidized.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O–>C6h12o6 +6O2

CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6
6H2O is oxidized to 6O2

41
Q

how is atp generated in light reactions

A

ATP synthase - protons diffuse and potential energy is released

42
Q

what type of diffusion is it when protons go from high to low concentration through the atp synthase

A

facilitated diffusion

43
Q

where do nadph and atp go

A

calvin cycle

44
Q

where does calvin cycle take place

A

stroma

45
Q

reactants of calvin cycle

A

atp, nadph, co2

46
Q

products of calvin cycle

A

glucose (2 G3P), adp + p, nadp+

47
Q

starting material for calvin cycle - always in it

A

ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

48
Q

what happens to rubp in calvin cycle

A

carbon is added through enzyme rubisco, then splits in half into 2 3-PGA (3C molecules)

49
Q

does rubisco change

A

no - keeps its shape so it can repeat

50
Q

phosphoglyceric acid

A

3-PGA

51
Q

what does atp do to 3pga

A

it adds a phosphate group, which makes atp ADP

52
Q

what does nadph do to 3pga

A

it removes a phosphate group and gives H to it, which reduces it

53
Q

for every __ CO2 fixed, __ G3P are created

A

3, 6

54
Q

_ of the _ G3P goes to make glucose, the other _ reyccle to RuBP

A

1 of the 6, 5 recycle

55
Q

What are the 2 steps of photosynthesis & where do they occur

A
  1. Light Reactions-thylakoids

2. Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions- stroma

56
Q

Describe the form & function of a photosystem.

A

Form- Contains light-harvesting complex, with pigments (chlorophyll)
Function-Act as a light-gathering antenna

57
Q

What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle & where did they come from?

A

CO2-environment(air)
NADH-Light Reactions
ATP-Light Reactions

58
Q

For every 3 CO2 “fixed”, how many molcules of the energy-rich G3P are created & where do they go?

A

For every 3 CO2 “fixed”, 6 G3P are created: 1 G3P is used to make sugar (glucose)
5 G3P are rearranged to regenerate RuBP

59
Q

what is a autotroph?

A

organism that produces their own food through photosynthesis

60
Q

what are photo autotrophs?

A

Organisms that produce food using the energy of light

61
Q

what is a producer?

A

photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem

62
Q

ex of autotrophs

A

plants

63
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in a leaf?

A

chloroplast

64
Q

what are the parts and functions of a chloroplast?

A

has stroma, grana, thylakoid

function: to make photosynthesis by converting light energy to sugars

65
Q

reactants of photosynthesis?

A

co2 and h20

66
Q

where do the reactants of photosynthesis come from?

A

the environment

67
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

c6h12o6, h20, o2

68
Q

what reactant is being reduced?

A

co2

69
Q

what reactant is being oxidized?

A

h20

70
Q

what molecule is split?

A

water

71
Q

where do the parts of of the split water molecule go?

A

the hydrogen (and electrons) are lost

72
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic of exergonic?

A

endergonic

73
Q

what are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

A

light reactions, calvin cycle

74
Q

what two molecules link the the stages of photosynthesis?

A

atp

nadph

75
Q

what is a photon?

A

a fixed amount of energy

76
Q

what happens when a photon is absorbed by a pigment?

A

electrons jump to a level further from the nucleus

77
Q

what are the reactants of the light reactions?

A

h20, nadp+, adp+p, light

78
Q

where to reactants in the light reactions come from?

A

nadp+ ADP+P=calvin cycle

h20, light = environment

79
Q

where are photosystems located?

A

thylakoid membrane

80
Q

what is the form of a photosystem?

l

A

Contains light-harvesting complex, with pigments (chlorophyll)

81
Q

What is the function of a photosystem?

A

➢Act as a light-gathering antenna
➢Pigments absorb photons, passing the energy, until it reaches the reaction center complex
➢Reaction center complex: e- transfer from chlorophyll to primary e- acceptor

82
Q

products of the light reactions?

A

o2, nadph, atp

83
Q

where do the dark reactions occur?

A

stroma

84
Q

reactants of dark reactions? come from?

A

nadph, atp

from the light reactions

85
Q

what is RuBP?

A

five carbon sugar

86
Q

how is rubisco involved in the dark reactions?

A

it is an enzyme that helps carbon fixation

87
Q

How does RuBP change when CO2 enters the dark reactions?

A

it doesn’t

88
Q

what happens to 3-PGA?

A

➢ATP phosphorylates 3-PGA, leaving ADP

89
Q

How many G3P are created during the dark reactions? Where do they end up?

A

6 are created.
1 is used to make sugar
5 are rearranged to regenerate RuBP

90
Q

what is photorespiration?

A

➢Rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP and produces a two-carbon compound, a process called photorespiration

91
Q

why do some plants undergo photorespiration if no sugar is produced?

A

its an evolutionary relic

92
Q

What do C4 plants do to prevent water loss in dry climates?

A

➢Some plants can close their stomata when the weather is hot and dry to conserve water but is able to make sugar by photosynthesis
➢These are called the C4 plants because they first fix carbon dioxide into a four-carbon compound

93
Q

what is the problem with photorespiration?

A

➢Unlike photosynthesis, photorespiration produces no sugar, and unlike respiration, it produces no ATP

Biology (7 decks)

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