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Biology > 4.1-4.4 > Flashcards

4.1-4.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells have a lower size limit?

A

If cells were any smaller, they would not be able to fit the organelles

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2
Q

Why do cells have an upper size limit?

A

Cells are the size they are bc they maximize their surface area to bring in nutrients and get rid of waste products.

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3
Q

What large ratio do cells need?

A

surface area : volume

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4
Q

increase in the apparent size of the object

A

magnification

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5
Q

clarity of an image

ability to see 2 close objects as separate

A

resolution

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6
Q

what are the two types of microscopes?

A

Light and Electron Microscopes

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7
Q

Which type of microscope works by passing visible light through a specimen?

A

light microscope

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8
Q

which microscope led to the discovery of the cell theory?

A

light microscope

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9
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

all living things are made of cells and all cells come from other cells

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10
Q

what is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

1000x

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11
Q

what is the resolutions of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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12
Q

When was the light microscope first used?

A

in 1665 when Robert Hooke discovered cells

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13
Q

when were electron microscopes first used?

A

1950s

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14
Q

How are specimen viewed in an electron microscope?

A

They use a beam of electrons to image specimens that have been sliced thin and coated with a thin film of metal

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15
Q

which type of microscope has a better resolution?

A

electron

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16
Q

What are some limitations of the EM?

A

you can’t view living organisms and they are very expensive

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17
Q

What are the two types of EMs?

A

Scanning EM- study the detail of cell surfaces

Transmission EM- study detail of internal cell structure

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18
Q

In what two domains are prokaryotic cells found?

A

bacteria and archae

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19
Q

What are some features common to both types of cells?

A

bonded by plasma membrane

include chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

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20
Q

Describe the nucleoid.

A

It is the region within bacteria where DNA is instead of a nucleus
visible in TEM
not bounded by a membrane

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21
Q

Are bacterial cells surrounded by a membrane?

A

yes

22
Q

what is contained in the bacterial cytoplasm?

A

mostly water, but includes nucleoids, plasmids, ribosomes, and storage granules

23
Q

What do ribosomes make?

A

protein

24
Q

What is the relationship b//tw bacterial ribosomes and antibiotic drugs?

A

The antibiotics target prokaryotic ribosomes, interrupting the making of protein for the bacterium but not the healthy cells

25
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A

it protects the bacterial cell and serves as a barrier against white blood cells

26
Q

function of pili

A

allow bacteria to attach to other cells

27
Q

function of flagella

A

propels cells to move

28
Q

What are the four organelles found only in plant cells?

A

cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplast
plasmodesmata

29
Q

function of cell wall

A

provides and maintains shape of cells and serves as a protective barrier

30
Q

function of central vacuolee

A

stores nutrients, waste products, and WATER

31
Q

function of chloroplast

A

contains chlorophyl, which absorbs sunlight to use for photosynthesis

32
Q

function of plasmodesmata

A

channel between cell walls that link plant cells together

33
Q

membrane bound structures that perform specific functions in the cell

A

organelle

34
Q

4 functional groups of organelles of eukaryotic cells

A

manufacturing
breakdown of molecules
energy processing
structural support, movement, and communication

35
Q

What organelles are found only in animal cells?

A

lysosomes and centrioles

36
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer composed of?

A

phospholipids form a 2 layer sheet

37
Q

______ face outward, exposed to H2O

______ face inward, away from H2O

A

hydrophilic heads

hydrophobic tails

38
Q

what are attached to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

proteins; attached and sometimes embedded

39
Q

function of nucleus

A

controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance

40
Q

layer of complex proteins and DNA that make up chromosomes; found in nucleus

A

chromatin

41
Q

what is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division?

A

DNA

42
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A

double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

43
Q

What is the nuclear envelope attached to?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

function of ribosomes

A

to make the cell’s proteins

45
Q

where are ribosomes made?

A

nucleolus (found in nucleus)

46
Q

what are the two locations of ribosomes?

A

free- suspended in cytoplasm

bound- attached to the ER

47
Q

manufacturing

A

nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

48
Q

breakdown of molecules

A

lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

49
Q

energy processing

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

50
Q

structural support, movement, and communication

A

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall

Biology (7 decks)

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