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Biology > Unit 6 (Notes & Review Sheet) > Flashcards

Unit 6 (Notes & Review Sheet) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

reactants of glycolysis

A

glucose (6C)

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3
Q

products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of pyruvate (3C)
2 ATP
2 NADH

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4
Q

glycolysis occurs in

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

reactants of citric acid cycle

A

2 pyruvate / acetyl CoA

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6
Q

products of citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
CO2

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7
Q

citric acid cycle occurs in

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

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8
Q

reactants of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons from NADH & FADH2

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9
Q

products of oxidative phosphorylation

A

32 ATP

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10
Q

oxidative phosphorylation occurs in

A

the membrane of the mitochondria

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11
Q

Glycolysis means

A

splitting of sugar

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12
Q

what is glucose cut in half to produce

A

pyruvate

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13
Q

what molecules are reduced during glycolysis

A

NAD+ are reduced to NADH

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14
Q

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group to an ADP creating ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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15
Q

what is produced by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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16
Q

is the enzyme changed during substrate level phosphorylation

A

no

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17
Q

what type of reaction is glycolysis?

A

exergonic- the chemical energy of bonds in glucose is transferred and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP - it’s a product being released

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18
Q

how many total ATP are produced during glycolysis?

A

4

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19
Q

how many net ATP are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 (4 total minus 2 input)

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20
Q

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis and before the citric acid cycle?

A

it gets a hair cut in which it loses a carbon and gains a coenzyme

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21
Q

what molecule gets reduced during the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD+ to NADH

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22
Q

what is the new version of pyruvate?

A

acetyl CoA

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23
Q

what does CoA stand for?

A

coenzyme A

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24
Q

how does acetyl CoA enter the mitochondria?

A

transport protein

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25
Q

what are the byproducts of pyruvate to acetyl coa?

A

CO2 & NADH

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26
Q

how many atp are produced w each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

1

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27
Q

how many nadh and fadh2 are produced w each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

3 nadh

1 fadh2

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28
Q

what is the function of nadh and fadh2?

A

to hold electrons for the next step in cellular respiration

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29
Q

how many molecules of acetyl coa enter the cycle?

A

2

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30
Q

how many nadh are generated from pyruvate to acetyl coa conversion?

A

2

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31
Q

whats the reason behind the name of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxidative- electron carriers are oxidized and oxygen is present
phosphorylation- ADP and P connect in chemiosmosis to form ATP

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32
Q

what are the two sub-steps in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis

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33
Q

what are the folds of the mitochondria

A

cristae

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34
Q

how does form fit function in the mitochondria

A

the many folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane increase the surface area for many copies of the ETC

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35
Q

what happens to the electrons in nadh and fadh2 in oxidative phosphorylation

A

the electrons leave the carrier molecules and move through proteins in the membrane (energy staircase)

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36
Q

what is the final electron accepter

A

oxygen

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37
Q

how does H+ get across the membrane and in which direction does it go in the ETC?

A

energy released from electron movement is used to actively transport H+ across the membrane from the matrix to intermembrane space/low to high concentration

38
Q

what is the second step of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

chemiosmosis

39
Q

what does chemiosmosis use from the ETC?

A

it uses the potential energy stored by the H+ gradiet produced in ETC

40
Q

what is the mini turbine that uses the potential energy of the H+ gradient?

A

ATP synthase

41
Q

what does the atp synthase do

A

it rotates to activate the site on synthase that phosphorylates ADP to generate ATP

42
Q

what poisons block electron carriers so that they aren’t getting to oxygen, then no H+ gradient is generated, and so no ATP is made?

A

rotenone, cyanide, and carbon monoxide

43
Q

what does oligomycin do

A

it inhibits ATP synthase. it is used on the skin to kill fungal cells. because it can’t get past the outer layer of dead cells, the living cells are protected

44
Q

what do uncouplers do

A

they make the membrane of the mitochondria leaky to H ions. ETC still happens, but not chemiosmosis

45
Q

Glycolysis

A

First stage of cellular respiration. Means “splitting of sugar”.

46
Q

Glucose

A

The reactant in the process of glycolysis.

47
Q

Products of glycolysis (including net ATP)

A

4 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvate.

48
Q

Where glycolysis occurs

A

Cytoplasm

49
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Process in which an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP, forming ATP

50
Q

Stages where substrate level phosphorylation occur

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

51
Q

What happens to pyruvate before it enters the cycle?

A

Carboxyl group removed from pyruvate, pyruvate is oxidized, Coenzyme A joins pyruvate to form acetyl CoA.

52
Q

How does pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle?

A

Goes into mitochondrion through a transport protein, into matrix, enzymes strip acetyl CoA of coenzyme A, enters the cycle

53
Q

Cycles of citric acid cycle per glucose molecule

A

2

54
Q

Reactant of citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

55
Q

How are breathing and cellular respiration related?

A

Breathing brings o2 to the cells where the mitochondria use it for cellular respiration.

56
Q

Overall chemical reaction of cellular respiration

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 oxygen gas (O2) = 6 carbon dioxide (CO2) + 6 water (H20) + energy (ATP

57
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). oxidation and reduction always occur together.

58
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

59
Q

What should you realize about oxidation?

A

As electrons are lost, it is hydrogens being released

60
Q

What should you realize about reduction?

A

As electrons are gained, hydrogen atoms are gained

61
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

62
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase in cellular respiration?

A

Dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogen from glucose

63
Q

What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

A

NADH shuttles electrons

64
Q

what are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

starts with electrons shuttled by NADH and FADH2

65
Q

what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ends with A LOT of ATP

66
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

occurs in the mitochondrial membrane

67
Q

what are the two sub-steps within oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the first step is the electron transport chain (etc) and the second is chemiosis

68
Q

why are there so many folds (cristae) in the mitochondria?

A

it increases the surface area to allow more copies of the electron transport chain

69
Q

where do the electrons come from? //// where do they end up (final electron acceptor)?

A

from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 starting in glycolysis and continuing into the citric acid cycle//// oxygen is the final electron acceptor

70
Q

Breathing

A

Gas exchange, take in O2 from air and release CO2 as a waste product

71
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Harvesting energy from food to use in the mitochondria

72
Q

What happens to cellular respiration when agents such as cyanine, carbon monoxide, and rotenone disrupt cellular respiration?

A

The poisons block the electron transport chain which means it stops the carrier molecules from releasing energy for hydrogen molecules to get to the inter membrane space

73
Q

How does ATP synthase use the H+ gradient?

A

Allows the hydrogen atoms to go through it from high to low gradient

74
Q

Describe the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

The inner membrane has a higher concentration of hydrogen atoms then the mitochondrial matrix

75
Q

What happens to H+ as electrons move through the transport chain?

A

It releases energy as it passes through each protein which allows the hydrogen to go through

76
Q

single celled fungi

A

yeasts

77
Q

what organisms use alcohol fermentation to process their food

A

yeasts and certain bacteria

78
Q

how is alcohol fermentation different from cellular respiration?

A

it doesn’t not require oxygen(anaerobic)

pyruvate converts to ethanol, not acetyl coa

79
Q

what are the waste products of alcohol fermentation?

A

2 carbon dioxide- makes alcohol bubbly

2 ethanol - waste product toxic to yeast cells

80
Q

prokaryotes that require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen (ex. in stagnant ponds or deep soil)

A

obligate anaerobe

81
Q

bacteria that can make ATP either by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation (ex. muscle cells, yeast cells)

A

facultative anaerobe

82
Q

similarities btw lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

A

recycles NAD+
anaerobic respiration(no O2 requirement)
start w glycolysis
atp is produced as glucose is broken down

83
Q

differences between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

A

no co2 is produced in lactic acid but is in alcohol

lactic acid is produced instead of ethanol

84
Q

what organisms use lactic acid fermentation

A

muscle cells and some bacteria

85
Q

anaerobic respiration definition

A

producing cellular energy in the absence of oxygen

86
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen (ex: prokaryotes in deep soil and stagnant ponds)

87
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can make atp by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation depending if oxygen is available (ex: yeasts and muscle cells)

88
Q

lactic acid fermentation products

A

oxidizes NADH and to NADH+ to produce LACTATE

89
Q

products of alcohol fermentation

A

oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and produces ETHANOL and CO2

90
Q

how are organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) processed to become fuel for cellular respiration

A

the organic molecules are broken down into their monomers so they can enter the cycle
carbohydrates – sugars – glucose
fats – glycerol and fatty acids
proteins – amino acids

Biology (7 decks)

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