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Biology > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

bacterial virus; virus that attacks bacteria ex: e. coli

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2
Q

What molecule makes up a bacteriophage?

A

DNA and Proteins

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3
Q

How did Hershey and Chase find the genetic substance?

A

They used different radioactive isotopes to label the DNA and protein within the phage. They used sulfer to highlight the protiens and then radioactive phosphorus for the DNA. They tested the radioactivity in the the pellet produced at the end to discover that DNA is the genetic material

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4
Q

Why did Hershey and Chase use a phage for their experiment?

A

It contained both DNA and Protein which were the materials in contention

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5
Q

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotide

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, Phosphate, Base

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7
Q

What parts of the nucleotide form the backbones of the double helix?

A

Phosphate Group, Sugar

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8
Q

What parts connect the 2 backbones to one another?

A

Nitrogenous Bases

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9
Q

What types of bonds link: phosphate and sugar? nitrogenous bases?

A

Covalent link Phosphate and Sugar

Hydrogen link the bases

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10
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

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11
Q

what is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus

RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

what is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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13
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

specific and observable traits of an organism resulting from the genotype

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14
Q

what links a genotype to a phenotype?

A

proteins

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15
Q

what are codons?

A

triplets of bases on RNA strands that specify amino acids

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16
Q

how do codons work?

A

61 codons correspond to amino acids (64 total, but 3 stop codons)
tRNA translates the codons in mRNA into amino acids in a ribosome

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17
Q

where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

how is RNA processed/edited before it leaves the nucleus?

A

introns are removed and exons are connected in splicing
a cap is added (1 G) to the 5’ end
a tail is added (many A’s) to the 3’ end

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19
Q

what kind of bonds hold exons together?

A

covalent

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20
Q

what does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA

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21
Q

why are the cap and tail added to mRNA

A

to protect the exons

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22
Q

what are the holes in the nucleus that allow mRNA to leave to go through translation?

A

nuclear pores

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23
Q

what are the 3 stages of transcription?

A

initiation - RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, where the helix unwinds and transcription starts
elongation - RNA nucleotides are added to the chain
termination - RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and detaches from the template

24
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

unwinds DNA double helix starting at the promoter and adds RNA nucleotides to the template strand of DNA

25
Q

what is the role of the promoter?

A

it is the starting point of transcription

RNA polymerase knows to bind to the promoter to start

26
Q

what is the role of the terminator?

A

it is the ending point of transcription

RNA polymerase knows to stop at the terminator

27
Q

where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

28
Q

what languages are being translated?

A

nucleotides in mRNA to amino acids in proteins

29
Q

how is tRNA structured and what is its function in translation?

A

function: match an amino acid to its corresponding mRNA codon, each tRNA carries a specific amino acid
form: tube/cylinder of RNA, similar to a candle. the “candle wick” attaches to an amino acid floating in the cytoplasm with an anticodon at the bottom

30
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

the corresponding base on the tRNA that binds to a specific mRNA codon to translate it into an amino acid

31
Q

how is a ribosome structured and what is its function in translation?

A

form: 2 subunits, one big one and one small one. has 2 notches that fit for tRNA called the P site and A site. mRNA goes in between the subunits
function: to hold tRNA and mRNA close together which allows the amino acids to connect into a polypeptide chain; it’s the site of translation

32
Q

what occurs during the initiation stage of translation?

A

mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit and the first tRNA binds to mRNA at the start codon
a large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit, allowing the ribosome to function

33
Q

what occurs during the elongation stage of translation?

A

codon recognition: next tRNA binds to the mRNA at the A site
peptide bond formation: joining of the new amino acid to the chain
translocation: tRNA is released from the P site and the ribosome moves tRNA from the A site to the P site

34
Q

what occurs during the termination stage of translation?

A

the completed polypeptide is released
the ribosomal subunits separate
mRNA is released and can be translated again

35
Q

What two molecules were thought to be the genetic material?

A

Protein and DNA

36
Q

What is the actual molecule of inheritance?

A

DNA

37
Q

Viruses that infect bacterial cells

A

Bacteriophage

38
Q

What only two molecules make up a bacteriophage?

A

DNA and protein

39
Q

Why are the colors significant in a bacteriophage model?

A

It is a great tool to determine if genetic material is DNA or protein

40
Q

Hershey and Chase-overview

A

Phages were labeled with radioactive sulfur to detect proteins or radioactive phosphorus to detect DNA

41
Q

Hershey and chase overview continued

A

Bacteria were infected with either type of labeled phage to determine which substance was injected into cells and which remained outside

42
Q

What are the 2 categories of bases?

A

Pyrimidines= thymine and cytosine

Purines=adenine and guanine

43
Q

How are the bases in each category similar to one another?

A

pyrimidine bases have singular rings

purine bases have double rings

44
Q

What is the base pairing rule?

A

g and c always pair

a and t always pair

45
Q

What is Chargoff’s rule?

A

that there will always be an equal number of t,a,g,c

46
Q

How is RNA similar to DNA? How are they different?

A

DNA=deoxyribose, Thymine, 2 strands

RNA=ribose, Uracil, 1 strand

BOTH= adenine, guanine, cytosine

47
Q

What does 5’ and 3’ mean on a DNA strand?

A

5 prime and 3 prime

how it is orientated

5’ has a free phosphate group attached
3’ has a free hydroxyl group attached

48
Q

What it the lagging strand?

A

strand that needs to add pieces on because it must go 5’ to 3’ however the 3’ is in the end so it is created in fragments

49
Q

How does DNA ligase work?

A

enzyme that connects the fragments created by dna polymerase

50
Q

In what direction does the dna strand grow?

A

5’-> 3’

51
Q

Describe the semi-conservative model.

A

when one part of the original strand is conserved in each daughter molecule

52
Q

Describe the opposite orientations of DNA strands

A

3’ end has free hydroxyl group

5’ end has free phosphate group

53
Q

What is the origin of replication?

A

sites where a DNA molecule begins to replicate

54
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

it represent one side of a replication bubble where the daughter strands form from the parent strands

55
Q

How does dna polymerase work?

A

adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a strand

56
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

the daughter strand that goes from 5’ to 3’

Biology (7 decks)

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