Unit 7 Flashcards
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty plaques in arteries that leads to narrowing and reduced blood flow, which leads to increased resistance and blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis
A general term that refers to hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arteries, which leads to resistance of blood flow and higher blood pressure.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis.
Blood pressure ranges
Normal: < 120/80 mm Hg
Pre-hypertensive: 120/80 mm Hg to 139/89 mm Hg
High risk: 140/90 mm Hg or higher
Obesity
The condition of subcutaneous fat exceeding the amount of lean body mass.
Note: 66% of Americans at 20 years or older are overweight; of that 66%, 34% are obese.
Diabetes
Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhanced usage of fat and protein.
Type I and Type II Diabetes
Type I: insulin-dependent; typically diagnosed in children, teenagers, or young adults.
Type II: non-insulin-dependent; typically associated with obesity
Note: hyperglycemia (high levels of blood sugar), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Hypertension
Consistently elevated arterial blood pressure, which, if sustained at high enough level, is likely to induce cardiovascular or end-organ damage.
Valsalva Maneuver
A maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis (windpipe) so that no air exits through the mouth or nose as, for example, in lifting a heavy weight; impedes the return of venous blood to the heart.
Primary causes of coronary heart disease
Poor lifestyle choices: smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity.
Osteopenia
A decreased in the clarification or density of bone as well as reduced bone mass.
Osteoporosis
Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass and density as well as an increase in the space between bones, resulting in porosity and fragility.
Two types of osteoporosis
Type 1 (primary): associated with normal aging and is attributable to a lower production of estrogen and progesterone, both of which are involved with regulating the rate at which bone is lost.
Type 2 (secondary): caused by certain medical conditions or medications that can disrupt normal bone reformation, including alcohol abuse, smoking, certain diseases, or certain medications.
Arthritis
Chronic inflammation of the joints; two types (osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis)
Osteoarthritis
Arthritis in which cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out, as a result of trauma or other conditions; commonly affected joints are in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Arthritis primarily affecting connective tissues, in which there is a thickening of articular soft tissue, and extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages that have become eroded; commonly affected in the hands, feet, wrists, and knees.
Cancer
Any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient unless adequately treated.
Restrictive Lung Disease
The condition of a fibrous lung tissue, which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs.
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production.
Intermittent Claudication
The manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease.
Peripheral Arterial Disease
A condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities.
Nutrition
The process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and repair of tissues.
Nutrition topics personal trainers can discuss
- food preparation methods
- healthy snacks
- statistical info on the relationship between chronic disease and the excesses or deficiencies of specific nutrients
- vitamins & minerals as essential nutrients
- food guidance systems (ex: food pyramid, MyPlate, etc…)
- carbohydrate, protein, & fat basics
- nutrients contained in foods or supplements
- importance of water & hydration status
calorie
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1*C.
Calorie/Kilocalorie
A unit of expression of energy equal to 1,000 calories. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram or liter of water 1*C.
Total Energy Expenditure is the sum of these 3 different energy components:
1) Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): the amount of energy expended while at rest; 70% of total energy expenditure
2) Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): the amount of energy expended above RMR as a result of the processing of food (digestion) for storage and use; 6-10% of total energy expenditure
3) Energy Expended during Physical Activity: the amount of energy expended above RMR and TEF associated with physical activity; 20% of total energy expenditure for a sedentary person
Estimating Total Daily Expenditure
Step 1: weight (lbs) x 10 = RMR
Step 2: RMR x activity factor* = TEE
- very light (1.2-1.3)
- low active (1.5-1.6)
- active (1.6-1.7)
- heavy (1.9-2.1)
Protein
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; can be converted into fuel if running low on carbohydrates or energy; 4 calories per gram.
