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NASM CPT > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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0
Q

Nervous System

A

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body; where all movements begin.

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1
Q

Human Movement System

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

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2
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

1) central nervous system - composed of brain & spinal cord; primary decision maker
2) peripheral nervous system - contains only nerves & connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body; sends messages to CNS & carry out actions from CNS

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3
Q

Sensory Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

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4
Q

Integrative Function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

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5
Q

Motor Function

A

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

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7
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system.

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8
Q

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles & organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord; receive information from the environment and the body and send up to the brain.

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another; transmit messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons.

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10
Q

Motor (efferent) Neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites; send messages from the brain to the body.

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

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14
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located? And what 3 things do they include?

A

1) located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules
2) include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

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15
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change; sense tension & pressure within muscles & connective tissue; protective mechanism forces muscles to relax when stimulated

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16
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change; sense length in muscle; protective mechanism forces your muscles to tighten when stimulated.

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17
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint; protective mechanism that protects the joints from a compromising situation.

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18
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints; provide shape and form for our bodies; mainly responsible for support, protection, & allowing movement to occur.

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19
Q

Two divisions of the skeletal system

A

1) axial skeleton - consist of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
2) appendicular skeleton - includes the upper and lower extremities

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20
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

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21
Q

Two functions of bones

A

1) leverage for our muscles

2) provide support that directly affect our posture

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22
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs; also known as articulation.

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23
Q

Three types of bone growth

A

1) remodeling - process of resorption and formation of bone
2) osteoclasts - type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
3) osteoblasts - type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

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24
Q

Five types of bones

A

1) long bones
2) short bones
3) flat bones
4) irregular bones
5) sesamoid bones

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25
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood production; a primary site for bone growth.

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft portion of a long bone.

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27
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis; it is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

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28
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaced in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

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29
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

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30
Q

Articular (hyaline) Cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.

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31
Q

Two surface bone markings

A

1) depressions - flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites (fossa & sulcus)
2) processes - projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach (process, condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, & trochanter)

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32
Q

Vertebral Column

A

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

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33
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint motion

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34
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body; comprise approximately 80% of all the joints & have the greatest capacity for motion.

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35
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

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36
Q

Ligament

A

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

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37
Q

Muscular System

A

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton; work to move & stabilize our bodies.

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38
Q

Epipmysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

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39
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

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40
Q

Endomysium

A

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

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41
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

42
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

43
Q

Four muscle functions

A

1) agonist - primary movement of the joint; usually larger muscles
2) antagonist - opposing muscles of the prime mover; decelerate the movement the agonist is producing
3) synergist - assistance to the prime mover; start to take over for a weak prime mover
4) stabilizer - stabilize the body and prevent unwanted movement

44
Q

Neural Activation

A

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

45
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

46
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

47
Q

Two types of muscle fibers

A

1) slow twitch (type 1) - smaller in size; increased oxygen delivery; produce less force; slow to fatigue; good for producing long-term contractions necessary for stabilization and postural control
2) fast twitch (type 2) - larger in size; decreased oxygen delivery; produce more force; quick to fatigue; good for movements requiring force and power such as performing a sprint

48
Q

Cardiorespiratory System

A

A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory system.

49
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

50
Q

Heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction; roughly the size of an adult fist (300g or 10oz)

51
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs.

52
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.

53
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.

54
Q

Structures of the heart (right & left side)

A

RIGHT SIDE: pulmonic side; received blood from body that is low in O2 & high in CO2 (deoxygenated); pumps O2 & CO2 to the lungs and then back to the left atria.

LEFT SIDE: systemic side; pumps blood high in O2 & low in CO2 (oxygenated) to the rest of the body.

55
Q

Atrium

A

The superior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles.

56
Q

Ventricle

A

The inferior chamber of the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries.

57
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

58
Q

Heart Rate

A

The rate at which the heart pumps; average adult at 70-80 beats per min.

59
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; the overall performance of the heart.

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output

60
Q

Blood

A

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body, and also rids the body of waste products.

61
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.

62
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

63
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels, and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and the tissues.

64
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart.

65
Q

Arterioles

A

Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries.

66
Q

Venules

A

The very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins.

67
Q

Respiratory System

A

A system of organs (lungs & respiratory passageways) that: 1) brings O into the lungs and 2) removes CO2 from the lungs.

68
Q

Respiratory Pump

A

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.

69
Q

Inspiration

A

The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.

70
Q

Expiration

A

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

71
Q

Muscle uses in normal vs deep breathing

A

1) normal breathing - use of diaphragm and external intercostal
2) deep forced breathing - scalenes and pectoralis minor (happens in stressful situations such as physical, mental, or emotional)

72
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

73
Q

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2-max)

A

The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.

74
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy is transformed into usable forms in the human body through different chemical reactions.

75
Q

Metabolism

A

Process of which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body; body needs fuel that comes from the food you eat.

76
Q

Exercise Metabolism

A

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

77
Q

Substrates

A

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

78
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide the body with fuel; broken down in the body as glucose and enter into cells; stores as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells; limited ability to store carbohydrates.

79
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fats, and to a lesser extent protein, which serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

80
Q

Glycogen

A

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

81
Q

Fat

A

Help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; also serve as energy stores for the body; used for prolonged periods of exercise (marathon), low intensity exercise, & rest.

82
Q

Triglycerides

A

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

83
Q

Protein

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; does not provide energy during exercise; significant form of energy during starvation; convert to glucose during gluconeogenesis.

84
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

85
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.

86
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.

87
Q

Three metabolic pathways in which cells can generate ATP

A

ANAEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM (no oxygen):

1) The ATP-PC system: high intensity, short duration exercise; 10-15 seconds; all out sprint; 1st system used at the onset of all exercises
2) The glycolytic system (glycolysis): provides energy longer than ATP-PC system, but not that long; 30-50 seconds; used in most fitness workouts of 8-12 reps

AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM (with oxygen):

3) The oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation): aerobic glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, & the Electron Transport Chain (ETC); used after transitioning to sustained exercise; energy used at rest; can produce energy for indefinite periods of time; main source of fuel is fat

88
Q

B-oxidation

A

The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP (part of the oxidative aerobic energy systems)

89
Q

Excessive Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

A

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise; anaerobic exercise created an oxygen debt that is repaid by increasing oxygen use after exercise; more calories are used many hours after we work out.

90
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

91
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

92
Q

Force-Couple

A

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

93
Q

Rotary Motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

94
Q

Torque

A

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter (Nm).

95
Q

Motor Behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

96
Q

Motor Control

A

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

97
Q

Motor Learning

A

Integration of motor control processed through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

98
Q

Motor Development

A

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

99
Q

Feedback

A

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

100
Q

Internal Feedback

A

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

101
Q

External Feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

102
Q

Muscles used during inspiration and expiration of breathing

A

Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, & pectoralis minor

Expiration: internal intercostals & abdominals

NASM CPT (9 decks)

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