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AP Biology Exam > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION

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2
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A
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3
Q

Q: What are the four components of natural selection?

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A: Overproduction, variation, competition, differential survival/reproduction.

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4
Q

Q: What does natural selection act on and what does evolution act on?

A

A: Natural selection acts on phenotypes; evolution acts on populations.

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5
Q

Q: What is adaptive evolution?

A

A: A process where traits that enhance survival or reproduction increase in frequency over time.

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6
Q

Q: What is relative fitness?

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A: An individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation compared to others.

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7
Q

Q: What are the three modes of natural selection?

A

A: Directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.

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8
Q

Q: What are the types of sexual selection?

A

Q: What are the types of sexual selection?

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9
Q

GENETIC VARIATION AND EVOLUTIONARY FORCES

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10
Q

Q: What are sources of genetic variation?

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A: Mutations, gene duplication, and sexual reproduction (meiosis and fertilization).

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11
Q

Q: What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

A: No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population, no gene flow.

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12
Q

Q: What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation calculate?

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A: Allele and genotype frequencies:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1

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13
Q

Q: What causes microevolution?

A

A: Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation.

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14
Q

Q: What is genetic drift?

A

A: Random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations (includes bottleneck and founder effects).

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15
Q

Q: What is gene flow?

A

A: The movement of alleles between populations, increasing genetic diversity.

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16
Q

ORIGIN OF LIFE

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17
Q

Q: What were the conditions of early Earth?

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A: No oxygen, lots of volcanic activity, lightning, and UV radiation.

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18
Q

Q: What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?

A

A: Organic molecules could form from inorganic precursors in early Earth conditions.

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19
Q

Q: What is the significance of protocells?

A

A: They had membranes and could maintain internal chemistry, representing early life.

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20
Q

Q: What is the RNA world hypothesis?

A

A: RNA was likely the first genetic material, capable of both storing information and catalyzing reactions.

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21
Q

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

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22
Q

Q: What are the main types of evidence for evolution?

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A: Fossil record, embryology, homologous structures, molecular biology, biogeography.

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23
Q

Q: What are homologous structures?

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A: Structures that are similar due to shared ancestry (e.g., mammal limbs).

24
Q

Q: What are analogous structures?

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A: Similar features due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry.

25
Q: What is convergent evolution?
A: Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.
26
Q: What is molecular systematics?
A: Using DNA and molecular data to study evolutionary relationships.
27
SPECIATION AND PHYLOGENY
28
Q: What is speciation?
A: The process by which one species splits into two or more.
29
Q: What is reproductive isolation?
A: Barriers that prevent species from interbreeding.
30
Q: What are prezygotic barriers?
A: Barriers that prevent mating or fertilization (e.g., habitat, temporal, behavioral isolation).
31
Q: What are postzygotic barriers?
A: Barriers after fertilization that prevent viable offspring (e.g., hybrid sterility).
32
Q: What is allopatric speciation?
A: Speciation due to geographic separation.
33
Q: What is sympatric speciation?
A: Speciation without geographic separation, often due to polyploidy or habitat differences.
34
Q: What are punctuated equilibrium and gradualism?
A: Punctuated equilibrium = rapid changes; gradualism = slow, steady changes.
35
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
36
Q: What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis propose?
A: Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes engulfed by larger cells.
37
Q: What evidence supports the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
A: Organelles have their own DNA, double membranes, and divide like bacteria.
38
DEVELOPMENTAL GENES AND EVOLUTION
39
Q: What are homeotic genes?
A: Master regulatory genes that determine body part placement.
40
Q: What are Hox genes?
A: A class of homeotic genes that guide body plan development—changes can lead to evolutionary changes in form.
41
PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY
42
Q: What is phylogeny?
A: The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
43
Q: What is taxonomy?
A: The classification of organisms based on shared traits.
44
Q: What is binomial nomenclature?
A: Two-part naming system: genus + species (e.g., Homo sapiens).
45
Q: What is the correct taxonomic hierarchy?
A: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (Mnemonic: Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)
46
Q: What are phylogenetic trees and cladograms?
A: Diagrams that show evolutionary relationships; cladograms show shared traits, trees can show time and divergence.
47
Q: What is a clade?
A: A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all its descendants (monophyletic group).
48
Q: What are shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics?
A: Derived: unique to a clade; Ancestral: originated in a common ancestor.
49
MOLECULAR CLOCKS AND HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
50
Q: What is a molecular clock?
A: A method to estimate evolutionary time using mutation rates in DNA.
51
Q: Why do some genes evolve more slowly than others?
A: Critical genes (e.g., for glycolysis) are highly conserved and mutate less due to negative selection.
52
Q: What is horizontal gene transfer?
A: The movement of genes between species, not by inheritance (e.g., via plasmids, viruses, fusion).
53
PROKARYOTES AND GENE TRANSFER
54
Q: What are the three domains of life?
A: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
55
Q: What defines prokaryotes?
A: No nucleus, circular DNA, no internal membranes, reproduce via binary fission.
56
Q: What are the three mechanisms of gene transfer in bacteria?
A: Transformation (DNA from environment), transduction (via bacteriophage), conjugation (via direct contact/mating bridge).
57
Q: What is the main source of genetic variation in bacteria?
A: Mutations, due to large populations and short generation times.

AP Biology Exam (8 decks)

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