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AP Biology Exam > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

1
Q

direct contact

A

when two cells are touching
- ex. justacrine signaling
- plasmodesmata in plant cell

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2
Q

cell to cell recognition

A

when cells communicate using signals and receptors

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3
Q

local signaling

A
  • sending of messages over short distances by releasing local regulators
    - diffuse over and bind to the receptors of the receiving cell
    - paracrine signaling
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4
Q

growth factors and neurotransmitters are both examples of _________

A

local regulators

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5
Q

synaptic signaling

A
  • paracrine signaling
  • involves a gap, or synapse, between two nerve cells
  • a neuron releases a neurotransmitter that moves across the synapse
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6
Q

synapse

A

a gap between two cells using short/direct distance communication

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7
Q

autocrine signaling

A

when a cell signals itself

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8
Q

long distance signaling

A
  • ex. endocrine signaling (communication through the bloodstream)
  • bloodstream is the most effective way to distribute a hormone that has to reach multiple target cells
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9
Q

not all cells are equipped to receive all signals

A
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10
Q

ligand

A

signaling molecule
- ex. insulin, which tells the liver that blood sugar levels are too high

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11
Q

signal transduction

A
  • receptor activates a protein inside of the cell, which creates a chain reaction of protein activation (phosphorylation) until cellular response
  • in some instances, changes in the environment resulting in signal transduction pathways can alter the organisms phenotype
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12
Q

phenotype

A

an observable trait

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13
Q

phosphorylation

A

protein activation through the addition of a phosphate group

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14
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

addition of a phosphate to activate proteins in signal transduction referred to as ____
- activation cascade/signal transduction

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15
Q

activation cascade of proteins is eventually what breaks down glucose

A
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16
Q

inside of cell membrane is _____

A

hydrophobic (non polar)

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17
Q

hydrophilic (polar) molecules ______ get through the cell membrane by themselves

A

cannot
- they use intracellular receptors, which are found within plasma membrane

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18
Q

the receptors for hydrophobic molecules are on the _____ of the cell

A

inside
- hydrophilic/polar molecules cannot get through the cell membrane by themselves, so receptors must be outside of the cell

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19
Q

bacteria determine population through ______

A

quorum sensing
- release ligands to can sense each other

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20
Q

TYPES OF RECEPTORS

A
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21
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

receptor receives signal, which activates g-protein and initiates signal transduction
- GDP is replaced with GTP molecule

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22
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

A

when both receptors receive signals they come together and phosphorylate a bunch of tyrosines (amino acid on protein)

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23
Q

ligand-gated ion channel receptor

A
  • receptor with an ion channel
  • ions that come in can act as activators of protein, like Ca^2+
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24
Q

primary messenger

A

the molecule that activates the receptor
- releases secondary messenger to go off and activate other proteins

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25
secondary messenger
molecule that is created after a receptor is activated ("spreads the word") - ex. Ca^2+, cyclic AMP (cAMP), cGMP
26
cyclic AMP
- cyclic adenosine monophosphate - typically, after being released from an activated G-protein, immediately activates kinase A - secondary messenger
27
kinases
- phosphorylate other proteins to activate them - enzyme
28
adrenaline (epinephrine)
signaling molecule that activates the G protein adenylyl cyclase, which then produces cAMP, which activates other proteins such as protein kinase A, which activates other proteins
29
in the liver, the binding of epinephrine (the first messenger) activates _____
cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
30
phosphatase
what stops a signal transduction pathway after its been started - protein
31
kinases _____, phosphates _____
activate (put in phosphate); deactivate (take away phosphate)
32
CELL JUNCTIONS
33
desmosomes
- structure that attaches two cells together - formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments
34
gap junction
a gap formed between two adjacent cells - direct contact in animal cells
35
tight junction
cells are skin to skin - so tight H2O can't get through
36
HOMEOSTASIS
- balance (right temperature, right pH, etc.) - works through negative feedback - set point, sensors to detect any stimulus above or below set point, and a physiological response that helps return body back to set point
37
negative feedback
- try to sustain the current environment - ex. when body gets too hot, releases sweat to evaporate and release heat to cool
38
positive feedback
amplifies body response - ex. increases contractions during childbirth
39
apoptosis
programmed cell death - lack of this causes cancer - if cells are not useful, they are killed - lysosomes break down dead cells - example of signal transduction
40
CELL CYCLE
the lifetime of a cell - it lives, grows, then divides
41
centrioles
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in cytoplasm of animal cells
42
genome
nucleus with DNA, which is stored as chromosomes
43
chromosomes
- centromere holes the sister chromatids at the center
44
sister chromatids
the exact same
45
humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes, therefore ___ chromosomes in total
23; 46 - one of the pair is from the mom, one is from the dad
46
normal cells are called autosomes, or ______
somatic cells - all body cells except gametes
47
gametes
- sperm and egg cells - half cells (only have one of each chromosome) - called a haploid - reproductive cells - result of meiosis
48
diploid cell
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
49
interphase
the living and growing part of the cell cycle
50
mitosis
dividing part of cell cycle
51
interphase
- 90% of the cell cycle 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase
52
prophase
- "preparation phase" - nuclear envelope dissolves and chromosomes condense (pro-metaphase) - centrosomes form and go to opposite ends of the cell
53
metaphase
- "in the middle" - spindle fibers from centrosomes attach at each side of each chromosomes' kinetochore - pulls chromosomes to line up in middle (called metaphase plate)
54
anaphase
- chromosomes split into sister chromatids and pulled to each side
55
telophase
- cell begins pinching - one nucleus forms on each side of pinching - cleavage furrow
56
cytokinesis
- breaking cytoplasm inside cell into two parts - the actual division of the cell - centrosomes attach to each other, pushing away using spindle fibers - the cell is pinched and divided into two - now 46 chromosomes, but with only one chromosome each before repeating cycle again
57
density-dependent inhibition
the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing - cancer cells do not exhibit this
58
anchorage dependency
normal cells must be attached to a substratum, such as the extracellular matrix of a tissue, to divide - cancer cells do not exhibit this
59
CHECKPOINTS
G1, S, G2, M - if they don't work, living thing develops cancer - cell is allowed to divide without stopping even if there are damages, which eventually creates a massive tumor
60
if a cell gets the go ahead signal at checkpoint ____, it usually completes the whole cell cycle and divides
G
61
mutations and chemicals
cause changes that prevent a cell from regulating the cell cycle - chemicals activate what shouldn't be activated
62
mutations in stimulant =
gain of function
63
mutations in inhibitor =
loss of inhabitant function (stimulant)
64
metastasis
the spread of cancer cells
65
cdk-cyclin complexes
when cyclin goes up, mitosis is triggered
66
p53
checks to make sure DNA is properly checked and repaired for damages
67
cell cycle arrest
the use of a chemical or genetic manipulation to artificially halt progression through cell cycle
68
cell proliferation
increase in the number of cells because of growth and division

AP Biology Exam (8 decks)

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