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AP Biology Exam > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Heredity

1
Q

MITOSIS

A

one cell with 46 chromosomes to two cells with 46 chromosomes each

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2
Q

MEIOSIS

A

one diploid cell with 46 chromosomes to four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each (as chromatids)

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3
Q

MEIOSIS I

A
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4
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, connection to centrioles, synapsis, crossing over

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5
Q

synapsis

A

the joining of homologous chromosomes into tetrads in preparation for crossing over

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6
Q

crossing over

A

exchange parts of chromosomes, inducing variation
- DNA from one homologous is cut and exchanged with an exact portion of DNA from the other homolog
- occurs 2-3 times per pair

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7
Q

linkage map

A

genetic map that is based on the percentage of crossover events

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8
Q

map unit

A

equal to a 1% recombination frequency

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9
Q

recombination frequency

A

expresses relative distances along chromosomes

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10
Q

chiasmata

A

crisscrossed region where two chromosomes come in contact to cross over and exchange genetic material

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11
Q

synaptonemal complex

A
  • what holds the crossed over chromosomes together
  • protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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12
Q

metaphase I

A

same as mitosis
- random assortment of chromosomes

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13
Q

anaphase I

A

chromosomes split up
- half as many chromosomes (2 chromatids) per cell
- 23 chromosomes each

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14
Q

after telophase I

A

each daughter cell contains a haploid set of chromosomes, with each chromosome still containing two sister chromatids

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15
Q

prophase II

A

same as I

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16
Q

anaphase II

A

chromatids split apart

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17
Q

telophase II

A

four haploid daughter cells, 23 chromatids each

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18
Q

MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

A
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19
Q

alleles

A

versions of a gene

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20
Q

genotype

A

genetic code

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21
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of genetic code

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22
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

genotype is constant, but how it’s expressed can change
- due to temperature, nutrition, pH, etc.

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23
Q

dominant

A

the determining allele

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24
Q

recessive

A

only shows if lack of dominance

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25
homozygous dominant
two of the same dominant allele
26
heterozygous
dominant (determining) and recessive allele
27
homozygous recessive
two of the same recessive allele
28
testcross
done to determine if an individual showing a dominant trait it homozygous or heterozygous - always done between the unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
29
to find probability of A and B
multiply A x B probabilities
30
to find probabilities of A or B
add A + B probabilities
31
trihybrid cross example
XxYyZz x XxYyZz - how many XXYYZZ? - find probability of XX by crossing Xx and Xx from each side ^ (and so on) - multiply probabilities of XX, YY, and ZZ
32
dihybrid cross example
YyRr x YyRr (heterozygous for both) - 9 YR : 3 Yr : 3 yR : 1 yr - use F.O.I.L. to cross YR, Yr, yR, and yr
33
going to need to calculate chi-square
- find expected using punnet square - degrees of freedom = # categories - 1 - p = 0.05 to find critical value - X^2 > C.V. reject null hypothesis - X^2 < C.V. accept null hypothesis
34
pedigree
family tree of genes - circle: female - square: male - shaded in: affected - not shaded in: unaffected - autosomal (does not favor sex) or sex-linked? and dominant or recessive?
35
parental (P) generation
the true-breeding parents in a genetic cross
36
first filial (F1) generation
parental generation's offspring
37
second filial (F2) generation
first filial generation's offspring
38
gene carriers
heterozygous for a recessive gene
39
if two unaffected individuals produce an affected offspring, the gene is likely to be _____
recessive
40
autosomes
nonsex chromosomes
41
gametes
sperm and ova (eggs)
42
fertilization
one haploid gamete from the father fuses with one haploid gamete from the mother - creates fertilized egg called zygote
43
GENOTYPE LAWS
44
law of segregation
alleles split into two gametes (Rr to R and r) - two individuals contribute genes to their offspring
45
maternal
mother
46
paternal
father
47
law of independent assortment
how an allele splits up in unaffiliated with the split up of another allele - two different genotypes each combination of sperm and egg is unique due to this
48
EXCEPTIONS TO THESE LAWS
49
incomplete dominance
a heterozygous allele will produce less of the phenotype it codes for than a homozygous dominant allele - a homozygous recessive allele will produce none of that phenotype - ex. RR = a lot of protein, Rr = a little protein, rr = no protein
50
codominance
both alleles code for slightly different things - ex. blood groups
51
ABO blood group alleles
IA, IB, i
52
type AB blood
IA IB
53
type A blood
IA IA, IA i
54
the B blood
IB IB, IB i
55
type O blood
ii
56
pleitropy
one gene affects multiple traits
57
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes affect one trait
58
linked genes
the further apart two genes are on a chromosomes, the more likely they are to be independent of each other, and the more likely they are to cross over - genes are linked as long as they're on the same chromosome
59
one human cell has ___ pair(s) of somatic chromosomes and ___ pair(s) of sex chromosomes
22 ; 1
60
sex chromosomes (X, Y) are:
sex-linked chromosomes/genes
61
female sex chromosomes
XX
62
male sex chromosomes
XY
63
if a male receives a recessive X allele, there is no other gene to dominate it because the Y allele ____
does not carry a gene
64
recessive sex-linked more common in ____
males
65
sex-linked genes may be either x-linked or y-linked
- fathers pass x-linked genes onto their daughters but not their sons (would have to pass on the Y chromosome) - sex-linked gene favors a sex
66
recombination frequency for linked genes
when two patients with two genes are crossed, how many of their offspring have combinations that don't match that of their parents?
67
nondisjunction
occurs when the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids do not separate properly during meiosis II - results in disorders due to incorrect number of chromosomes - ex. down/klinefelter's/turner's syndrome
68
down syndrome
chromosome #21 has three copies of the chromosome instead of two
69
klinefelter's syndrome
extra X chromosome - XXY
70
in animals, mitochondria are transmitted by ____ only
the egg - mitochondrial DNA are maternally inherited
71
in plants, mitochondria and chloroplasts are transmitted in the ____ and not in the pollen
ovule - mitochondria-determined and chloroplast-determined traits are maternally inherited

AP Biology Exam (8 decks)

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