Unit 7 Flashcards
PUSH
War, famine, political oppression, religious persecution, poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and overpopulation.
PULL
Job opportunities, religious freedom, political freedom, land availability (Homestead Act), and the promise of a better life (American Dream).
When was the time period known as Old Immigration
Before 1880 (roughly from the 1820s to 1880).
What nationality of immigrants came to the US during Old Immigration?
Mostly Northern and Western Europeans, including the Irish, Germans, British, and Scandinavians.
When was the time period known as New Immigration?1880-1920.
What nationality of immigrants came to the US during New Immigration?
Southern and Eastern Europeans (Italians, Poles, Russians, Greeks, Hungarians, and Jews) and some Asian immigrants.
Where are Ellis Island & Angel Island
Ellis Island is in NYC. Angel Island is in San Francisco, CA Which nationalities of immigrants would travel through each of these places? Ellis Island (New York Harbor) processed mainly European immigrants.
Angel Island (San Francisco Bay) processed mostly Asian immigrants, particularly Chinese and Japanese.
What is Nativism? Why were nativists against immigration?
Nativism is the belief that native-born citizens are superior to immigrants.
Nativists feared job competition, cultural changes, and believed immigrants would not assimilate or bring radical political ideas (e.g., anarchism, socialism).
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why was it passed?
A 1882 law that banned Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S.
Passed due to economic fears (job competition), racial prejudice, and rising anti-Asian sentiment in the western U.S.
What are Ethnic Enclaves? Neighborhoods where immigrants from the same country lived together, preserving their language and culture.
Name a few examples of ethnic enclaves in the US today:
Chinatown (San Francisco, New York)
Little Italy (New York, Chicago)
Koreatown (Los Angeles)
Little Havana (Miami)
What is a Monopoly (trusts are another word for monopoly)?
A business that controls an entire industry, eliminating competition.
Who ran the monopoly on oil in the US? John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil). and steel? Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel).
What is the vertical integration model of monopoly? Controlling every step of the production process, from raw materials to final product distribution. (Example: Carnegie Steel owned mines, railroads, and factories.)
What is the horizontal integration of monopoly? Buying out competitors in the same industry to eliminate competition. (Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil bought out rival oil companies.)
What is Laissez-faire government? How did this help lead to monopolies?
Laissez-faire means “hands-off” government, where the government does not interfere in business.
This allowed monopolies to grow unchecked as there were few regulations to prevent unfair business practices.
What is the purpose of a Labor Union?
To protect workers’ rights, negotiate for better wages, hours, and working conditions
Describe the working conditions faced by industrial workers?
Low wages, long hours (12-16 per day), dangerous machinery, no job security, child labor, and lack of safety regulations.
What were tenements?
Overcrowded, poorly built apartment buildings that housed immigrants and poor workers in cities.
What is Progressivism (the progressive movement)? A movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at addressing social, political, and economic injustices.
What led to the rise of the progressive movement? Industrialization, urbanization, corruption in government, poor working conditions, and the wealth gap.
What impact did it have on society?Improved working conditions, business regulations, women’s suffrage, child labor laws, food safety laws, and anti-monopoly laws.
What is a Muckraker? Journalists who exposed corruption and societal problems (e.g., child labor, poor living conditions, corporate monopolies).
What was Jacob Riis known for? He exposed the poor living conditions in tenements with his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), using photographs to document poverty.
What book did Upton Sinclair write? The Jungle (1906), which exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.
What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?
A law requiring federal inspections of meatpacking plants to ensure sanitary conditions.
Describe the Pure Food and Drug Act?
Required labeling of ingredients in food and medicine to prevent false advertising and unsafe products.
Importance of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
1890 law aimed at breaking up monopolies and preventing anti-competitive business practices.
What did each of the following Progressive Constitutional Amendments do?
16th: Allowed Congress to impose an income tax.
17th: Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people.
18th: Banned the sale, consumption, manufacture of all alcoholic beverages.
19th:Granted women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage).
What was the goal of the Temperance Movement?
To reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, leading to Prohibition.
What was the goal of the Women’s Suffrage Movement?
To secure voting rights for women, leading to the passage of the 19th Amendment.
Know the Captains of Industry/Labor leaders/Inventors
Andrew Carnegie: Led the steel industry (Carnegie Steel), used vertical integration, major philanthropist.
J.P. Morgan: A powerful banker who controlled railroads, General Electric, and helped finance U.S. economic growth.
John D. Rockefeller: Founder of Standard Oil, used horizontal integration
Cornelius Vanderbilt: Built a railroad empire and controlled major transportation networks
Henry Ford: Revolutionized the automobile industry with the assembly line and mass production.
Alexander Graham Bell: Invented the telephone (1876).
Thomas Edison: Invented the phonograph, the electric light bulb, and motion pictures.
