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Biology 2024-25 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Necessary food groups

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Dietary fibre
Water

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2
Q

What is a balanced diet

A

Consists of all the food gggrouos in the correct proportions

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3
Q

What foods provide energy

A

Carbohydrates -> energy -> bread
Protein -> growth and repair -> fish and eggs
Lipids -> insulation and energy storage -> butter and oil

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4
Q

What foods don’t provide energy

A

Dietary fibre -> provides bulk -> vegetable
Vitamins and minerals -> maintain health -> milk fruits
Water -> needed for chemical reactions

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5
Q

Carbohydrates function and sources

A

Source of energy
Bread , cereals pasta rice and potatoes

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6
Q

Protein function and sources

A

Growth and repair
Meat fish eggs pulses nuts

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7
Q

Lipid function and sources

A

Insulation and energy storage
Butter oil nuts

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8
Q

Fibre function and sources

A

Provides bulk for the intestine to push food through it
Vegetables whole grains

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9
Q

Vitamins and minerals function and sources

A

Needed in small wuandions to maintain health

Fruits and vegetables meats dairy

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10
Q

Water

A

Needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells

Water juice milk fruits and vegetables

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11
Q

Vitamin c

A

Forms an essential part of collagen protein which makes up skin hair gums and bones deficiency causes scurvy

Citrus fruit strawberries green vegetables

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12
Q

Vitamin d

A

Helps the body to absorb calcium and so requires for strong bones and teeth

Oily fish eggs liver dairy products also made by sunlight

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13
Q

Calcium

A

Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in clotting of blood
Deficient can lead to osteoporosis later in life

Milk cheese eggs

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14
Q

Iron

A

Needed to make haemoglobin the pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

Red meat , liver leafy green vegetables like spinach

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15
Q

Factors that affect dietary

A

Age
Activity levels
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding.

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16
Q

Age

A

The amount of energy that young people need increases towards adulthood as this energy is needed for growth children need a higher portion of protein in their diet than adults as this requested for growth energy needs of adults decrease as they age

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17
Q

Activity levels

A

The more active the more energy required for movement as muscles are contracting more and respiring faster

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18
Q

Activity levels

A

The more active the more energy required for movement as muscles are contracting more and respiring faster

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19
Q

Pregnancy

A

During pregnancy energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing foetus as well as the larger mass that the mother needs to carry around extra calcium and iron are also needed in the diet to help build the bones teeth and blood of the fetus

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20
Q

Pregnancy

A

During pregnancy energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing foetus as well as the larger mass that the mother needs to carry around extra calcium and iron are also needed in the diet to help build the bones teeth and blood of the fetus

21
Q

Breastfeeding

A

Energy requirements increase and extra calcium still needed to make high quality breast milk

22
Q

Severe vitamin c deficiency

A

Scurvy

23
Q

Scurvy

A

Caused by the lack of vitamin c in the diet for over 3 months
Symptoms; anemia , exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding , pain in the limbs , swelling , gym ulceration , tooth loss.

24
Q

How can scurvy be treated

A

By oral or intravenous vitamin c supplements

25
Q

What causes poor bone development

A

Rickets

26
Q

Rickets symptoms

A

Bone pain, lack of bone growth , soft weak bones

27
Q

Rickets treatment

A

Rickets is caused by severe la k of vitamin d which is required for the absorption of calcium into the body
Calcium is a key component of bones and teeth.

Mostly comes from the sunlight but can be in fish eggs or butter
True tree many is eating food with calcium and vitamin d or supplements

28
Q

Digestive system

A

Salivary glands
Mouth
O esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Bile duct
Pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus

29
Q

Ingestion

A

The taking in of substances eg food and drink into the body through the mouth

30
Q

Ingestion

A

The taking in of substances eg food and drink into the body through the mouth

31
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

32
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

33
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of small food molecules and ion through the wall of the intestine into the blood

34
Q

Assimilation

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used becoming part of the cells

35
Q

Egestion

A

The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed as farces through the anus

36
Q

Mouth / salivary glands

A

The mouth is where mechanical digestion takes place teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio amylase enzymes in saliva start digesting starch into maltose
The food is shaped into a bolus by the tongue and lubricated in saliva so it can be swallowed easily

37
Q

Oesophagus

A

Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach where the food bolus goes after being swallowed wave like contractions will take place push the food bolus down without relying on gravity

38
Q

Stomach

A

Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemical digest proteins hydrochloric acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum PH for protease enzymes to work

39
Q

Small intestine

A

First section is called the duodenum and is where the food coming out of the stomach finished being digested by enzymes produced here and also secreted from the pancreas
Ph of the small intestine is slightly alkaline around 8-9
Second section is called the oleum and is where absorption of digested food molecules takes place the oleum is long and lined with bulk to increase the surface area over which absorption can take place

40
Q

Large intestine

A

Water is absorbed from remaining material in the colon to produce faeces
Faeces is stored in the rectum and removed through the anus

41
Q

Pancreas

A

Produced all three types of digestive enzymes : amylase protease and lipase
Secrete enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion to raise PH of fluid coming out of the stomach

42
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile to emulsify fats break large droplets into smaller droplets) an example of mechanical digestion amino acids not used to make proteins broken down here which produces urea

43
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bike to realer into duodenum as required

44
Q

Physical digestion

A

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.

45
Q

The process that take place during physical digestion help to

A

Increase the surface area of food for the action of enzymes during chemical digestion

46
Q

How is physical digestion carried out

A

It is mainly carried out by the chewing action of the teeth the churning action of the stomach and the emulsification of fats by bile in the duodenum

47
Q

Chemical digestions

A

Food taken into the body goes through 5 different stages during its passage through the alimentary canal
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

48
Q

The role of chemical digestions

A

To produce small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

Biology 2024-25 (7 decks)

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