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Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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3
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement.

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

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6
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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9
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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10
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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11
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output.

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12
Q

asexual

A

having little to no sexual attraction to others

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13
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

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14
Q

estrogen

A

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity.

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15
Q

obesity

A

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

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16
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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17
Q

refractory period

A

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.

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18
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

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19
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

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20
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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21
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

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22
Q

grit

A

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

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23
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism, involving
(1) physiological arousal,
(2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.

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24
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus → arousal → emotion.

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25
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
(1) physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.

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26
Q

two-factor theory

A

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must
(1) be physically aroused and
(2) cognitively label the arousal.

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27
Q

polygraph

A

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

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28
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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29
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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30
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

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31
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

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32
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

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33
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

34
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

35
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

36
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

37
Q

catharis

A

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

38
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

39
Q

mindfulness mediation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non judgmental and accepting manner.

40
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

41
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

42
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

43
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

44
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

45
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

46
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

47
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

48
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

49
Q

psychodynamic

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

50
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

51
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

52
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

53
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

54
Q

Oedipus complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

55
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

56
Q

fixation

A

in psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

57
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

58
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

59
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

60
Q

Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

61
Q

Roschach Inkblot Test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Roschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

62
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

63
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

64
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

65
Q

self-transendance

A

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

66
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

67
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

68
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

69
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

70
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

71
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

72
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

73
Q

behavioral approach

A

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

74
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

75
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

76
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

77
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

78
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

79
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

80
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

81
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

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