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Cognition Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

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2
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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3
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

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4
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that lessens the amount of time saved when learning material again, as on a final exam or engaging in a language used in early childhood

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5
Q

encoding

A

process of getting memory into our brain, by extracting meaning

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6
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info over time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting info out of storage

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8
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simutaneously

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9
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

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10
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that briefly holds a few items, such as digits of a cell phone number, before it is stored or forgotten

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11
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory. includes knowledge and skills

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12
Q

working memory

A

short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming info, and info retrieved from long-term memory

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13
Q

explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know

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14
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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15
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of info such as word meanings, time, and space

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16
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations

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17
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary memory of visual stimuli, lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

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18
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary memory of audio stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds can still be recalled with 3-4 seconds

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19
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into units

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20
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids; techniques that use imagery and organizational devices

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21
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention instead of massed study

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22
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving

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23
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

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24
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words

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25
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of two conscious memory systems
26
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
27
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
28
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant event
29
long-term potentiation
an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
30
priming
the activation of particular associations in memory
31
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in heling us recall it
32
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood
33
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
34
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
35
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve memories from the past
36
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
37
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
38
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts and memories
39
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
40
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event
41
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned
42
deja vu
the eerie sense that you have experienced something before
43
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating
44
concept
a mental grouping of similar ideas
45
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
46
creativity
the ability to produce new ideas
47
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the best solution
48
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible solutions
49
intrinsic motivation
being driven by interest
50
expertise
well-developed knowledge
51
algorithm
step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
52
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; speedier, but more error-prone than an algorithm
53
insight
a sudden realization of a solution
54
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that supports our beliefs
55
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
56
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
57
intuition
automatic feeling or thought
58
representativeness heuristc
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to match particular stereotypes
59
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
60
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs
61
framing
the way an issue is posed
62
language
the way we communicate with others
63
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound unit
64
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning
65
grammar
the system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand with each other
66
babbling stage
beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which a baby utters various sounds
67
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks in single words
68
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in development during which a child speaks in 2 words
69
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks in nouns and verbs; "go car"
70
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca's areas (speaking) or wernicke's area (understanding)
71
linguistic determinism
the strong form of Whorf's hypothesis, that language controls the way we think and interpret the world
72
linguistic influence
the idea that language affects thought
73
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
74
grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
75
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
76
analytical intelligence
the ability to determine a single right answer to a well defined problems
77
creative intelligence
the ability to adapt to new situations
78
practical intelligence
required for everyday tasks and may have multiple solutions
79
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
80
general intelligence
according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on a intelligence test
81
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
82
intelligence test
a method for assessing a person's mental aptitudes and comparing them
83
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
84
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance
85
mental age
the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain age
86
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet's og intelligence test
87
IQ
the ratio of mental age to chronological age
88
WAIS
most widely used intelligence tests that contain verbal and performance subtests
89
standardrization
defining uniform testing features procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
90
normal curve
the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
91
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the tests, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
92
validity
the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to do
93
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
94
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
95
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
96
crystalized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
97
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age
98
cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
99
longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people over time
100
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficultly adapting to the demands of life
101
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
102
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. may vary depending on the range of populations and environments studied
103
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

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