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AP Bio > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happened to the finches that colonized the Galápagos Islands

A

They diversified and gave rise to new species

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2
Q

Natural selection acts on

A

Traits that lead to survival and reproduction

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3
Q

Organisms don’t evolve,…

A

Populations do!!

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4
Q

Other term for evolution

A

Descent with modification

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5
Q

What is natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain traits tend to SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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6
Q

Natural selection also acts on

A

Phenotypic variations in populations

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7
Q

“Fitness” is measured by

A

Reproductive success

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8
Q

What are adaptations

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction

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9
Q

2 observations that natural selection is based on

A

1 traits are heritable
2 more offspring are produced than can survive

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10
Q

What does more offspring being produced than can survive mean?

A

There’s competition for limited resources which results in differential survival

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11
Q

Favorable traits

A

Accumulate in the population

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12
Q

What’s artificial selection

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desired traits

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13
Q

What’s a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring

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14
Q

What’s the gene pool

A

A populations genetic makeup, consists of every type of allele

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15
Q

Explain fixed alleles

A

If there is only one allele present for a particular locus in the population it is fixed; many fixed alleles = less genetic diversity

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16
Q

Micro evolution

A

Small scale genetic changes in a population

17
Q

Evolution is driven by random occurrences like…

A

Mutations, Genetic Drift, Migration/Gene Flow, Natural Selection

18
Q

Mutations are

A

Changes in your nucleotide sequences that deviate from what is “normal”

19
Q

Mutations can result in

A

Genetic variation, they can form new alleles

20
Q

Mutation rates

A

Tend to be slow in plants and animals and high in prokaryotes due to fast generation time

21
Q

Most mutations are

A

Neutral or harmful

22
Q

What’s genetic drift

A

Chance events that cause a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next; most significant in small populations

23
Q

Why can genetic drift be bad?

A

It can lead to a loss of genetic variation and cause harmful alleles to become fixed

24
Q

Types of genetic drift

A

Bottleneck effect, founder effect

25
Q

Bottleneck effect is

A

When a large population is drastically reduced by a NON-SELECTIVE DISASTER (natural disasters, hunting); some alleles may become overrepresented, underrepresented or absent; if one allele survives over another it’s considered fixed

26
Q

What’s founder effect

A

When a few individuals become isolated from a large population and establish a new small population with a gene pool that differs from large population (lose genetic diversity)

27
Q

What’s gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population, alleles can be transferred between populations
Ex: pollen being blown to a new location

28
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection towards one extreme phenotype

29
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection towards the mean and against the extreme phenotypes

30
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection against the mean; both phenotypic extremes have the highest relative fitness

31
Q

Sexual selection

A

Explain why many species have unique/showy features; males have useless, potentially harmful structures that show they are good mates because they were able to survive at a disadvantage

32
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium is only good for populations that are

A

Not evolving!!!!

33
Q

What’s the purpose of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Results can be compared with real data, if it is the same there is no evolving, if it is different there MAY BE evolving

34
Q

Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

1 no mutations
2 random mating
3 no natural selection
4 large population size
5 no gene flow

35
Q

What happens if a Hardy Weinberg equilibrium condition isn’t met?

A

Microevolution occurs

36
Q

Why is genetic variation good

A

The more genetic diversity, the better the population can respond to changes in the environment

37
Q

What happens to species with low genetic diversity

A

They are at risk of extinction

AP Bio (6 decks)

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