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AP Bio > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cell division for

A

reproduction of cells, growth of cells, tissue repair

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2
Q

Condensed chromatin

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

non condensed chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Genetic information is only in chromosome form during

A

Cell division

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5
Q

When does chromatin condense

A

After dna replication

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6
Q

Centromere definition??

A

Region on sister chromatids where they are most closely attached

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7
Q

Kinetochore definition??

A

Part in chromosome where the spindle fibers attach

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8
Q

What’s a genome?

A

All of a cells genetic information

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9
Q

How do prokaryotes have their dna

A

Singular circular dna

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10
Q

How do eukaryotes have their dna

A

One or more chromosomes

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11
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes?

A

46

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes are?

A

Two chromosomes that are the same length, have same centromere position, and have genes controlling same characteristics

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13
Q

Order of cell cycle?

A

G1 -> S -> G2 -> Mitosis

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14
Q

G1, S, and G2 are all in

A

Interphase

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15
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cell grows and does normal things

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16
Q

What happens in S

A

DNA replicates

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17
Q

What happens in G2

A

Final growth, preparation for mitosis

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18
Q

Mitosis results in……

A

2 identical diploid daughter cells

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19
Q

Order of mitosis steps?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokenesis

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20
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses, centrosomes appear

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21
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes go in middle, they’re connected to centrosomes

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22
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart by centrosomes, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of cell

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23
Q

What happens in telophase and cytokenesis?

A

Two nuclei form, chromosomes uncondense

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24
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Most important checkpoint
Checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage

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25
Q

What happens if G1 checkpoint says stop?

A

Cell enters G0

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26
Q

G2 Checkpoint happenings

A

Completion of DNA replication checked
DNA damage checked

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27
Q

What happens if G2 checkpoint says stop?

A

Cell cycle stops and the cell will try to repair damage, if it cant, the cell will undergo apoptosis

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28
Q

M Checkpoint happenings

A

Checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at metaphase

29
Q

What happens if M checkpoint says stop?

A

Cell pauses mitosis to allow for spindle fibers to finish connecting to the chromosomes

30
Q

Cell cycle is regulated by ?

A

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases CDKS

31
Q

Cyclins are?

A

Only in the cell cycle at certain points

Proteins

32
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases are?

A

Constant throughout cell cycle

Enzymes

Active only when it’s specific cyclin is present

33
Q

Uncontrollable growth of cells =

A

Cancer

34
Q

Metastasis?

A

When cells separate from cancerous tumors and go throughout the body

35
Q

What are set points?

A

Values for various physiological conditions that the body tries to maintain

36
Q

What is normal range?

A

The range a set point can fluctuate

37
Q

What’s homeostasis?

A

The state of relatively stable internal conditions

38
Q

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

A

Feedback loops

39
Q

What’s a stimulus?

A

A variable that will cause a response

40
Q

What’s a receptor?

A

Sensory organs that detect a stimulus

41
Q

What’s an effector?

A

The muscle or gland that responds after messages are sent to brain

42
Q

Negative feedback?

A

The goal is to stop the thing that started it. Ex: heat causes sweating, goal of sweating is to stop you from being hot

43
Q

Positive feedback

A

The goal is to increase the thing that started it. Ex: child birthing, signals are sent to child birth harder

44
Q

Disease is

A

When the body can’t maintain homeostasis

45
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

Direct contact

Local signaling

Long-distance signaling

46
Q

How are signals sent in direct contact?

A

Through cell junctions

47
Q

Cell junctions in animal cells?

A

Gap junctions

48
Q

Cell junctions in plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

49
Q

Local signaling

A

One cell sends out some signal molecules, other cell picks them up

Causes response in TARGET CELL

50
Q

Kinds of local signaling?

A

Paracrine signaling
Synaptic signaling

51
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Secretory cells release local regulators via exocytosis to an adjacent cell

52
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Neurons release neurotransmitters from axon terminals through exocytosis into a synaptic cleft, diffuse across synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrite of another neuron

53
Q

What do plants and animals use for long distance signaling?

A

Hormones

54
Q

How do plants do long distance signaling?

A

Release hormones that travel in plant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) or through the air to reach target tissues

55
Q

How do animals do long distance signaling?

A

Endocrine signaling, cells release hormones into circulatory system (bloodstream) where they reach target cells

56
Q

First step of cell signaling?

A

Reception: ligand binds to receptor and undergoes conformational change

57
Q

Second stage of cell signaling?

A

Transduction: extracellular signal is converted into intracellular signal, usually also amplified

58
Q

Third step of cell signaling

A

Response: cell process is altered

59
Q

All receptors have?

A

An area that interacts with the ligand and an area that transmits signal to another protein

60
Q

Binding between ligand and receptor is

A

Highly specific

61
Q

When the ligand binds to receptor

A

Transduction signal initiates

62
Q

Where can receptors be?

A

In the plasma membrane or intracellular

63
Q

During transduction

A

Signal is amplified using second messengers

64
Q

Signal transduction pathways can

A

Result in changes to gene expression
Result in apoptosis

65
Q

Mutations to receptor proteins cause

A

A change to the transduction of the signal

66
Q

G protein coupled receptors are

A

Largest category of cell surface receptors

67
Q

What happens in G protein coupled receptors?

A

Ligand binds to GCPR on extracellular side, cytoplasmic side changes shape, G protein binds to GPCR, G protein activates enzyme, signal amplified

68
Q

Ion channels are

A

Located in plasma membrane
Important in nervous system

69
Q

What happens in ligand gated ion channels

A

Ligand binds to ion channel protein, it opens up, molecules go through, molecules activate enzyme, enzyme does transduction

AP Bio (6 decks)

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