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AP Bio > Unit 5 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s genetics

A

The study of heredity and heredity variation

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2
Q

What’s heredity

A

The transmission of traits form one generation to the next

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3
Q

What are genes

A

Segments of dna that code for basic units of heredity

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4
Q

Asexual reproduction individuals

A

1 individual

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5
Q

Asexual gametes?

A

No fusion of gametes

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6
Q

Asexual makes:

A

clones of the parent, variation only happens through mutations

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7
Q

Sexual reproduction individuals

A

2 individuals

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8
Q

Sexual: offspring are

A

Unique and genetically varied

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes are?

A

Pair of chromosomes that are same size same length same centromere position

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10
Q

What’s a karyotype

A

display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length

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11
Q

Diploid =

A

Two complete sets of each chromosome

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12
Q

Haploid =

A

One set of chromosomes

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13
Q

What’s a life cycle

A

Sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to its own reproduction

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14
Q

What’s meiosis

A

Process that creates 4 haploid gamete cells

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15
Q

Meiosis I: interphase

A

cell goes through G1, S, and G2

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16
Q

Meiosis I: prophase

A

Synapsis: homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad
Crossing over (recombination) occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between the homologous pairs

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17
Q

Metaphase I

A

Independent orientation: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

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18
Q

Anaphase I

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromosomes are still attached

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19
Q

Telophase I and Cytokenesis

A

Nuclei and cytoplasm divide, there is now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell

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20
Q

Prophase II

A

No crossing over, spindle forms

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21
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, because of crossing over in meiosis I chromatids are unique

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22
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

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23
Q

How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?

A

Crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, random fertilization

24
Q

What is P generation

A

Parental generation, true-breeding

25
Q

F1 generation?

A

First filial, hybrid offspring of P generation

26
Q

F2 generation

A

Second filial, offspring of F1 generation

27
Q

Testcrosses are for??

A

Determine if the dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

28
Q

Test crosses are between

A

Unknown parent and recessive parent

29
Q

Dominant to recessive ratio

A

3:1

30
Q

Alleles definition

A

Alternative versions of a gene

31
Q

The law of independent assortment

A

Genes for one trait are not inherited with genes of another trait

32
Q

What does the law of independent assortment NOT apply to

A

Linked traits

33
Q

Unique gamete formula=

A

2^n

34
Q

in 2^n, n is

A

The number of heterozygous pairs

35
Q

How to solve genetics problems

A

Write down symbols for alleles
Write down genotypes given
Write out cross as [genotype] x [genotype]
Set up Punnett square

36
Q

Independent events =

A

Multiply!
Ex: if you flip a coin twice what is the probability that it will land heads up both times

37
Q

Mutually exclusive events

A

Addition!!!!!!!!!!!!
usually has word OR
Ex: what is the chance of rolling a dice and it lands on a 1 or 6?

38
Q

Pedigrees: if a trait is dominant….

A

1 parent must have the trait
Dominant traits do not skip a generation

39
Q

Pedigrees: if a trait is recessive…

A

It can be found in either sex but generally skips a generation

40
Q

Pedigrees: if a trait is X-linked…

A

Males are more commonly affected than females

41
Q

What are multiple alleles

A

Genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles

42
Q

What is epistasis

A

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus

43
Q

Polygenic inheritance??

A

The effect of two or more genes acting on a single phenotype
Ex: height, human skin color

44
Q

Fathers can pass x-linked alleles to lol of their daughters,

A

but none of their sons

45
Q

Mothers can pass x-linked alleles to

A

Both daughters and sons

46
Q

What’s hemizygous?

A

If an X-linked trait is due to a recessive allele, males only have one X and will express the trait if they inherit it from their mother

47
Q

What’s a Barr body?

A

Most of the X chromosome in each cell becomes inactive, inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a Barr body

48
Q

Genetic recombination is?

A

Production of offspring with a new combination of genes from parents

49
Q

Parental types

A

Offspring with the parental phenotype

50
Q

Recombinants

A

Offspring with phenotypes that are different from the parents

51
Q

One map unit is

A

Equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency

52
Q

50% recombination means

A

The genes are far apart on the same chromosome or on two different chromosomes

53
Q

All mitochondrial dna is

A

Maternally inherited

54
Q

How to calculate degrees of freedom

A

Number of categories - 1

55
Q

Interpreting results and degrees of freedom chart

A

If X^2 > critical value: Theres a statistically significant difference between the actual and expected values

AP Bio (6 decks)

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