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Nutrition > Unit 6 - Water & Minerals > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Water & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of water in the body?

A
  • Carry nutrients and waste products
  • Maintain structure of large molecules
  • Participate in metabolic reactions
  • Solvent for minerals, vitamins, AAs, glucose, and other other small molecules
  • Maintain blood volume
  • Regulation of body temp.
  • Lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, spinal cord, and amniotic sac
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2
Q

Water excretion is regulated by ____ and ____

A

Brain and kidneys

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3
Q

What effect does the brain have on water balance?

A
  • Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when salts are too concentrated, or blood volume or BP is too low
  • ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
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4
Q

What happens if too much water is lost from the body?

A

Blood volume and BP fall

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5
Q

How do cells of the kidney respond to low BP?

A

Release aldosterone, which causes the kidneys to retain more water

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6
Q

What are electrolyte solutions?

A

Body fluids which contain water and partly dissociated salts

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7
Q

___ follows ____

A

Water follows salt

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8
Q

What can cause electrolyte loss?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Heavy sweating
  • Fever
  • Burns and wounds
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9
Q

What are major minerals?

A

Minerals found in the body is amounts greater than 5 grams

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10
Q

What are trace minerals?

A

Minerals found in the body is amounts less than 5 grams

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11
Q

Which minerals are major minerals?

A
  • Calcium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Sulfur
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12
Q

Which minerals are trace minerals?

A
  • Chromium
  • Copper
  • Fluoride
  • Iodine
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium
  • Zinc
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13
Q

What is the DRI and UL for sodium?

A
  • DRI = 1,500 mg

- UL = 2,300 mg

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14
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A
  • Principal electrolyte in extracellular fluid

- Primary regulatory of extracellular fluid volume

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15
Q

What can high levels of sodium lead to?

A

Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cerebral hemorrhage

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16
Q

What affects sodium absorption?

A

When sodium blood concentration rises (when a person eats salty foods), thirst prompts the person to drink water until the appropriate sodium-to-water ratio is restored

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17
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A
  • Accompanies sodium in the fluids outside cells

- Helps to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance

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18
Q

What is the main source of chloride?

A

Salt (naturally occurring and added salt)

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19
Q

Do people normally have chloride deficiency?

A

No

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20
Q

Is chloride deficiency harmful?

A

No

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21
Q

What effect does dehydration have on potassium?

A

Causes loss of potassium from inside cells

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22
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A
  • Help w/ ability of brain to detect need for fluids
  • Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity
  • Contraction of muscles, including the heart
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23
Q

What are food sources of potassium?

A
  • Fresh, whole foods (processing causes potassium loss)

- Most vegetables and fruits as well as legumes

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24
Q

What can a potassium deficiency cause?

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Salt sensitivity
  • Kidney stones
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25
Q

What is primarily the cause of potassium deficiency?

A

Excessive loss

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26
Q

What can potassium toxicity cause?

A

Can prevent or even correct hypertension

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27
Q

Can potassium toxicity result from overeating foods high in potassium?

A

No

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28
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

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29
Q

Where is the majority of calcium stored?

A

Bones and teeth

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30
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Integral part of bone structure

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31
Q

What happens if the diet is not adequate in calcium?

A

Body will maintain blood calcium levels by taking calcium from bones

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32
Q

What are symptoms of calcium toxicity?

A
  • Constipation
  • Interference w/ absorption of other minerals
  • Increased risk of kidney stones
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33
Q

What occurs when blood calcium rises too high?

A

Hormones and vitamin D promote its deposit into bones

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34
Q

What occurs when blood calcium falls too low?

A

1) Small intestine absorbs more calcium
2) Bones release more calcium into blood
3) Kidneys excrete less calcium

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35
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A
  • Critical to operation of enzymes and other cellular functions
  • Forms part of protein-making machinery
  • Works w/ calcium for proper functioning of muscles
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36
Q

What are food sources of magnesium?

A
  • Nuts
  • Legumes
  • Seafood
  • Whole grains
  • Dark green vegetables
  • Chocolate
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37
Q

What occurs when blood magnesium levels are too low?

A

Body can borrow from bone stores of magnesium

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38
Q

What causes magnesium toxicity and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Caused by supplements or magnesium salts

- Symptoms - diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, potassium depletion

39
Q

What is sulfate?

A

Oxidized form of sulfur as it exists in food and water

40
Q

What is the function of sulfate?

A

Involved in synthesis of many important sulfur containing compounds, such as amino acids that form protein in skin, hair, and nails

41
Q

What are food sources of sulfate?

A

Protein containing foods

42
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Bone marrow

43
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A
  • Vital to processes by which cells generate energy

- Needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones, and NTs

44
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues

45
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Holds oxygen for muscles to use when they contract

46
Q

What are food sources of iron?

A
  • Meats, fish, poultry
  • Legumes, eggs
  • Enriched and whole grain products
  • Dark green leafy vegetables and dry fruits
47
Q

What are the 2 forms of iron and which is more absorbable and which is more often consumed?

A
  • Heme iron (more absorbable)

- Nonheme iron (more often consumed)

48
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

Iron

49
Q

What can extreme iron deficiency result in?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

50
Q

What is the primary non-nutritional cause of iron deficiency?

A

Blood loss

51
Q

What are early symptoms of iron toxicity?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Mental depression
  • Abdominal pain
52
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Iron overload

53
Q

What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?

A

Phlebotomy (removal of blood to lower the amount of iron in the body)

54
Q

What occurs when RBC’s die?

A

Spleen and liver break them down, salvage the iron, and send iron back to bone marrow for storage

55
Q

Can the body excrete excess iron?

A

No

56
Q

What does hepcidin do and what triggers its release and what suppresses its release?

A
  • Hepcidin secretion is triggered by elevated iron blood levels; hepcidin secretion is suppressed by low iron blood levels
  • Reduces iron absorption and inhibits release of stored iron, therefore reducing blood iron concentration
57
Q

How can iron absorption from foods be enhanced?

A

MFP factor and vitamin C

58
Q

What impairs iron absorption?

A
  • Tea and coffee
  • Calcium
  • Phytates that accompany fiber in legumes and whole grain cereals
59
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Works w/ proteins in every organ and helps to activate many enzymes

60
Q

What are food sources of zinc?

A
  • Meats, shellfish, poultry
  • Milk products
  • Some legumes and whole grains
61
Q

What can zinc deficiency cause?

A
  • Growth impairment
  • Impaired immune system
  • Disturb normal thyroid function
62
Q

Who are zinc deficiencies most common in?

A
  • Pregnant women
  • Young children
  • Elderly
  • Poor
63
Q

What are symptoms of zinc toxicity?

A
  • Loss of appetite
  • Impaired immunity
  • Possibly death
64
Q

Zinc from ____ sources is best absorbed

A

Animal

65
Q

Where is zinc stored?

A

Intestinal cells

66
Q

What impairs and enhances zinc absorption?

A
  • Phytates impair

- Protein enhances

67
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

Antioxidant

68
Q

What are food sources of selenium?

A
  • Meats and seafood

- Grains and vegetables

69
Q

What is selenium deficiency linked to?

A

Predisposition to Keshan disease (heart disease)

70
Q

What are symptoms of selenium toxicity?

A
  • Vomiting, diarrhea
  • Loss of hair and nails
  • Lesions of the skin and NS
71
Q

What is the difference between iodine and iodide?

A
  • Iodine = nutrient in food

- Iodide = when it enters the body

72
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A

Regulating metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, and body temp

73
Q

What determines the amount of iodine in food?

A

The soil the plants were grown in or on which the animals grazed

74
Q

What occurs when iodine is deficient?

A

Cells in thyroid gland enlarge attempting to trap more particles of iodine, sometimes causing an enlargement of the thyroid gland

75
Q

What can happen if a pregnant woman is severely deficient in iodine?

A

Cretinism (extreme and irreversible mental and physical impairment)

76
Q

What can iodine toxicity cause?

A

Enlargement of thyroid gland

77
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A
  • Assist in wound healing
  • Manufacturing collagen
  • Maintain sheaths are nerve fibers
  • Helps cells to use iron
78
Q

What are food sources of copper?

A
  • Meat and alternatives

- Whole grains

79
Q

What effect does zinc have on copper?

A

High intakes of zinc can interfere w/ copper absorption and can lead to copper deficiency

80
Q

What is the function of manganese?

A

Cofactor for many enzymes

81
Q

Where is manganese found in the body?

A

Bones and metabolically active organs

82
Q

What are food sources of manganese?

A

Plant foods (nuts, whole grains, leafy green vegetables)

83
Q

What is the function of fluoride?

A

Inhibit development of dental caries in adults and children

84
Q

What are food sources of fluoride?

A
  • Drinking water
  • Processed soft drink and fruit juices made w/ fluorinated water
  • Fish
  • Tea
85
Q

What can fluoride deficiency cause?

A

Dental decay

86
Q

What is fluorosis and what can it cause?

A
  • Too much fluoride is consumed

- Discolouration in developing teeth

87
Q

What is the function of chromium?

A

Plays a role in how the body metabolizes carbs and fat

88
Q

Chromium works closely w/ which hormone?

A

Insulin

89
Q

What are food sources of chromium?

A
  • Liver, nuts, cheese
  • Brewer’s yeast, whole grains
  • Fruits and vegetables
90
Q

Is chromium deficiency common? Why or why not?

A

Uncommon b/c only a small amount is required

91
Q

What is the basis of the DASH diet?

A

Decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake

92
Q

People w/ _____ will benefit from the DASH diet

A

High blood pressure

93
Q

What are some non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Female gender
  • Older age
  • Small frame
  • Caucasian, Asian, or Hispanic heritage
  • Family history
  • Personal history of fractures
  • Estrogen or testosterone deficiency
94
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Diet inadequate in calcium and vitamin D
  • Diet excessive in protein, sodium, and caffeine
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Low body weight
  • Certain medications (glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants)

Nutrition (9 decks)

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