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Nutrition > Unit 4 - Protein > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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2
Q

How many amino acids can the body produce?

A

11, so 9 are essential

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3
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it becomes greater than the body’s ability to produce it

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4
Q

Why do proteins have different shapes?

A

It enables them to perform different tasks in the body

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5
Q

How do the mouth and salivary glands aid in protein digestion?

A

Chewing and crushing moisten protein-rich foods and mix them w/ saliva to be swallowed

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6
Q

How does the stomach aid in protein digestion?

A

HCl uncoils protein strands and activates stomach enzymes

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7
Q

How do the small intestine and pancreas aid in protein digestion?

A

Pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes split polypeptides further, then enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyze these peptides and the cells absorb them

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8
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

Within each cell, proteins are continually being made and broken down

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9
Q

What happens when proteins are broken down?

A
  • Their amino acids are liberated w/in the cells or released into the bloodstream
  • Some amino acids are promptly recycled into other proteins, while others are striped of their nitrogen and used for energy
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10
Q

What are nitrogen balance studies used for?

A

Estimation of protein requirements

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11
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Comparing nitrogen lost through excretion with the nitrogen eaten in food

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12
Q

What is a positive nitrogen balance?

A

More protein is being built than is being broken down

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13
Q

Which populations will have a positive nitrogen balance?

A
  • Growing children
  • Adolescents
  • Pregnant women
  • People recovering from protein deficiency or illness
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14
Q

What is a negative protein balance?

A

Muscle or other protein tissue is being broken down and lost to use for energy

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15
Q

Which populations will have a negative nitrogen balance?

A
  • Illness
  • Injury
  • Those that are starving
  • Infections
  • Fever
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16
Q

What directs the making of the body’s proteins?

A

The unique combination of genes

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17
Q

What are the major roles of protein in the body?

A
  • Structural components
  • Transporting other substances around the body
  • Enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
  • Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance
  • As sources of energy and glucose
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18
Q

Where is the majority of the body’s protein found?

A

In muscle tissue

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19
Q

What are 2 examples of transporter proteins?

A
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to cells

- Lipoproteins transport lipids in the blood

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20
Q

What are the 2 most important protein hormones?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

How do proteins maintain water balance?

A

Since they can’t pass freely across membranes and they are attracted to water, cells that want water can manufacture proteins and the proteins can hold water

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22
Q

Which protein helps to prevent acid-base inbalances?

A

Albumin

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23
Q

What is the DRI for protein?

A

0.8g/kg of healthy body weight

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24
Q

What is the DRI AMDR for protein?

A

10-35% total energy

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25
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A
  • Proteins containing all the essential amino acids in amounts sufficient to support health
  • Come from at least 2 protein-rich foods that both eaten throughout the same day
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26
Q

What is the difference between severe acute malnutrition and chronic malnutrition?

A
  • Severe acute malnutrition is characterized by sudden inadequate food intake (ex: drought or war)
  • Chronic malnutrition is long-term inadequate food intake
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27
Q

What is severe acute malnutrition?

A

When the diet delivers too little protein, too little energy, or both

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of severe acute malnutrition?

A

1) Kwashiorkor

2) Marasmus

29
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A
  • “A sickness that infects the first child when the second child is born”
  • Distinguishing feature is edema of the child’s face, limbs, and abdomen
30
Q

What is marasmus?

A
  • Prolonged deprivation of food

- Characterized by extreme loss of fat and muscle (just skin and bones)

31
Q

What is chronic malnutrition?

A
  • Children have enough food to survive but not thrive

- Children are normally short b/c they lack nutrients required for normal growth

32
Q

What are the most recognizable consequences of protein deficiency?

A
  • Slow growth in children
  • Impaired brain and kidney function
  • Weakened immune defences
  • Impaired nutrient absorption
33
Q

Consuming too much protein can pose health risks for ____

A

The heart and for weakened kidneys

34
Q

What does excretion of the end products of protein metabolism depend on?

A

Adequate fluid intake and healthy kidneys

35
Q

Does a higher intake of protein damage kidneys?

A

No, it just increases the work of the kidneys

36
Q

Which food group is protein found in?

A

All 4

37
Q

What is protein quality used for?

A

Used to determine how well a diet supports the growth of children and health of adults

38
Q

What influences protein quality?

A
  • Digestibility of protein

- Amino acid composition

39
Q

What does a high quality protein have?

A

Ample amounts of all essential amino acids

40
Q

Proteins derived from ____ are high quality

A

Animal foods

41
Q

Proteins derived from _____ are lower quality

A

Plant foods

42
Q

Are amino acid supplements a good idea?

A

No b/c the body is designed to handle whole proteins best

43
Q

Why shouldn’t someone take amino acid supplements?

A
  • An excess of one amino acid can produce a demand for a carrier that it limits the absorption of another amino acid, creating a temporary imbalance
  • Amino acids in concentrated supplements cause excess water to flow into the GI tract, causing diarrhea
44
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

An immune disorder that is characterized by damage to the intestinal tract caused by exposure to gluten, resulting in an inability of the body to absorb nutrients

45
Q

What are common symptoms of celiac disease?

A
  • Anemia
  • Chronic diarrhea
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Cramps and bloating
  • Irritability
46
Q

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

A

1) Blood screening tests

2) Biopsy of bowel

47
Q

What is the treatment for celiac disease?

A
  • No cure

- Can usually be effectively treated and controlled with a gluten-free diet

48
Q

What can happen to someone with celiac disease who doesn’t eliminate gluten from their diet?

A

Are at an increased risk of developing intestinal and lymphatic cancers

49
Q

What is dermatitis herpetiformis?

A

A chronic skin condition w/ a characteristic rash w/ intense itching and burning sensations

50
Q

What are the causes of dermatitis herpetiformis?

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Immune system
  • Gluten sensitivity
51
Q

Is dermatitis herpetiformis more common in males or females?

A

Males

52
Q

What is the typical onset for dermatitis herpetiformis?

A

20’s-40’s

53
Q

What is the treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis?

A
  • Medications

- Gluten-free diet

54
Q

How can you diagnosis non-celiac gluten sensitivity?

A

Exclude celiac disease by serological tests

55
Q

What are some health and nutritional complications that can arise w/ celiac disease?

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Osteoporosis
  • Folate, vit. B12, and other vitamin deficiencies
  • Diarrhea/constipation
  • Growth failure in children
  • Calorie/protein excess or deficiency
56
Q

Why does lactose intolerance occur in some people w/ celiac disease?

A

May occur temporarily in newly diagnosed patients as a result of damaged villi and decreased lactase production

57
Q

Will someone w/ celiac disease have lactose intolerance for life?

A

No, the symptoms should disappear w/in 6 months - 1 year w/ a strict gluten-free diet

58
Q

Which health complications occur due to malabsorption?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Folate deficiency
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Diarrhea
  • Calorie/protein deficiency
59
Q

Will a gluten-free diet get rid of osteoporosis?

A

Not always

60
Q

Will a gluten-free diet get rid of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Yes

61
Q

What are potential causes of diarrhea in a patient w/ celiac disease?

A
  • Damaged villi
  • Malabsorption
  • Lactose intolerance
62
Q

When does constipation usually occur in patients w/ celiac disease and why?

A

When gluten-free diet is initiated b/c it tends to be low in fibre

63
Q

What are potential causes of calorie/protein deficiency in patients w/ celiac disease?

A
  • Poor intake secondary to GI symptoms

- Malabsorption

64
Q

What is overweight/obesity common in patients w/ celiac disease?

A

Gluten-free prepared foods tends to be higher in fat, carbs, and calories and lower in fibre

65
Q

Why should a person only initiate a gluten-free diet AFTER blood test and intestinal biopsy?

A

The person must be eating gluten daily for the tests to properly work

66
Q

Why is an intestinal biopsy performed after a blood test to diagnose celiac disease?

A

B/c of the 10% possibility of a falsely positive blood test

67
Q

What are common oral and dental manifestations of celiac disease?

A
  • Enamel defects (pitting, grooving, sometimes complete loss of enamel)
  • Delayed eruption
  • Recurrent aphthous ulcers
68
Q

Oral and dental defects in patients w/ celiac disease usually develop before age __

A

7

69
Q

Can you diagnose celiac disease based on enamel defects alone?

A

No

Nutrition (9 decks)

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