Unit 6: Urban Development Flashcards
Urbanization
Process of development of dense concentrations of people into settlements
Requirements:
-Agricultural surplus
-Job specialization
-System for food storage and distribution
-SOcial stratification/leadership class (Urban hierarchy)
Economic Development
Changes in economic structure
Industrial Revelution (19th century) and growth of services (20th century) led to city growth.
City growth
-Work in factories and services in city
-Fewer farmers, push people out of rural areas
-Migration from countryside to urban areas for jobs
Transportation in Urban Growth
Vital factor for urban Growth:
-Allows raw materials to get to factories
-Goods to reach the market
-People to get to services, jobs, etc.
Communication in Urban Growth
Advancements improved production in industries while being able to talk instantly from great distances (Time-space compression)
Borchert’s Transportation Epoch Theory
1.Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830):
Cities grew near ports and major waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships. Once goods were on land, they were hauled by wagon to their final destination.
2.Iron Horse Epoch(1830-1920):
Characterized by the impact of steam engines, technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroads (Iron strong but brittle)
3.Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920):
Dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network. (Steel strong, but flex and bend)
- Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch
(1920-70):
With growth of gasoline combustion engine, this includes cars and removal of wagons - Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?):
Also called High technology Epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both transportation and technology improves.
Mega Cities
World Wide Influencers. Urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people.
MDC: Mega city population are decreasing (Europe + North America)
LDCs:
-High birth rates+ rural-to-urban migration= Megacities in LDCs
-LDCs have same growth challenges, but less resources and lots of people
-LDC megacities gain population
Suburbanization
Population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban sprawls.
Causes:
-Land area to expand and land per person to increase, but not necessarily population growth.
Cons:
-No identity
-Traffic
-Pollution (Cars)
-Urban decay
-Economic decline
Urban Sprawl
Rapid spread of development outward from the inner city – unplanned/uncontrolled expansion of land, homes, roads, etc.
Suburban Sprawl
Progressive spread of development over landscape
Decentralization
Process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group to more local authority.
Edge Cities
-Large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs.
-Outside a traditional downtown or CBD in which had previously been a suburban residential or rural area
-Such cities may approach 100,000 in population
Exurb
Rings for wealthier rural communities that grew just outside of the suburbs and were hotbeds for continued urban growth and development
Boomburg
Rapidly growing, sprawling city of 100,000+ on the edge of a major metropolitan area. Built super quickly.
Challenges of suburban sprawl
-Leap frogging
-Segregation
- High cost
-Wastes land
-Dairy and fresh produce
-Dependence on transportation
-Reduces ability to get to the country
Urban Hierarchy
-A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities.
-Higher the order of city, greater the sphere of influence that city possess on a global scale
World Cities
Most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen based on their economic, cultural and political importance:
New York CIty, London, and Tokyo
Rank size rule
The country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Largest city: 100,000 (1/1)
2nd largest city: 500,00 (1/2)
3rd largest city: 333,333 (1/3)
4th largest city: 250,000 (1/4)
5th largest city: 200,000 (1/5)
Primate city rule
Largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. In this distribution, the country’s largest city is the Primate City.
Positives:
-Magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people
-Can attract international trade and business
-Centralized transportation and communication
-Enhanced flow of ideas and information among larger populations
-Ability to offer high end goods due to increased threshold.
Negatives:
-Urban-Rural Inequalities
-Imbalance in Development
-Competition of power
-Has parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources into city
-Become centers for unemployment, crime, and pollution
Central Place Theory
Urbanized areas are arranged in a regular pattern across landscape (Hexagons)
Assumptions:
-Flat Land
-Humans will buy from the closest place that offers good
-high demand= offered close to population
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Central place in CPT (Central Place Theory)
Market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from surrounding area
Range of CPT
Maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. The range is the radius for the circle drawn to delineate a service’s market area
Threshold of CPT
Minimum number of people needed to support the service (Every enterprise has a threshold)
