Unit 6: Urban Development Flashcards
Urbanization
Process of development of dense concentrations of people into settlements
Requirements:
-Agricultural surplus
-Job specialization
-System for food storage and distribution
-SOcial stratification/leadership class (Urban hierarchy)
Economic Development
Changes in economic structure
Industrial Revelution (19th century) and growth of services (20th century) led to city growth.
City growth
-Work in factories and services in city
-Fewer farmers, push people out of rural areas
-Migration from countryside to urban areas for jobs
Transportation in Urban Growth
Vital factor for urban Growth:
-Allows raw materials to get to factories
-Goods to reach the market
-People to get to services, jobs, etc.
Communication in Urban Growth
Advancements improved production in industries while being able to talk instantly from great distances (Time-space compression)
Borchert’s Transportation Epoch Theory
1.Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830):
Cities grew near ports and major waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships. Once goods were on land, they were hauled by wagon to their final destination.
2.Iron Horse Epoch(1830-1920):
Characterized by the impact of steam engines, technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroads (Iron strong but brittle)
3.Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920):
Dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network. (Steel strong, but flex and bend)
- Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch
(1920-70):
With growth of gasoline combustion engine, this includes cars and removal of wagons - Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?):
Also called High technology Epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both transportation and technology improves.
Mega Cities
World Wide Influencers. Urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people.
MDC: Mega city population are decreasing (Europe + North America)
LDCs:
-High birth rates+ rural-to-urban migration= Megacities in LDCs
-LDCs have same growth challenges, but less resources and lots of people
-LDC megacities gain population
Suburbanization
Population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban sprawls.
Causes:
-Land area to expand and land per person to increase, but not necessarily population growth.
Cons:
-No identity
-Traffic
-Pollution (Cars)
-Urban decay
-Economic decline
Urban Sprawl
Rapid spread of development outward from the inner city – unplanned/uncontrolled expansion of land, homes, roads, etc.
Suburban Sprawl
Progressive spread of development over landscape
Decentralization
Process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group to more local authority.
Edge Cities
-Large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs.
-Outside a traditional downtown or CBD in which had previously been a suburban residential or rural area
-Such cities may approach 100,000 in population
Exurb
Rings for wealthier rural communities that grew just outside of the suburbs and were hotbeds for continued urban growth and development
Boomburg
Rapidly growing, sprawling city of 100,000+ on the edge of a major metropolitan area. Built super quickly.
Challenges of suburban sprawl
-Leap frogging
-Segregation
- High cost
-Wastes land
-Dairy and fresh produce
-Dependence on transportation
-Reduces ability to get to the country
Urban Hierarchy
-A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities.
-Higher the order of city, greater the sphere of influence that city possess on a global scale
World Cities
Most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen based on their economic, cultural and political importance:
New York CIty, London, and Tokyo
Rank size rule
The country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Largest city: 100,000 (1/1)
2nd largest city: 500,00 (1/2)
3rd largest city: 333,333 (1/3)
4th largest city: 250,000 (1/4)
5th largest city: 200,000 (1/5)
Primate city rule
Largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. In this distribution, the country’s largest city is the Primate City.
Positives:
-Magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people
-Can attract international trade and business
-Centralized transportation and communication
-Enhanced flow of ideas and information among larger populations
-Ability to offer high end goods due to increased threshold.
Negatives:
-Urban-Rural Inequalities
-Imbalance in Development
-Competition of power
-Has parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources into city
-Become centers for unemployment, crime, and pollution
Central Place Theory
Urbanized areas are arranged in a regular pattern across landscape (Hexagons)
Assumptions:
-Flat Land
-Humans will buy from the closest place that offers good
-high demand= offered close to population
-
Central place in CPT (Central Place Theory)
Market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from surrounding area
Range of CPT
Maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. The range is the radius for the circle drawn to delineate a service’s market area
Threshold of CPT
Minimum number of people needed to support the service (Every enterprise has a threshold)
Sub-Saharan Africa Urban Model
-Least Urbanized but most rapidly urbanizing
-Three CBD’s (colonial, traditional, periodic market)
-Influenced by conquering nations (Rome, Britain, etc.)
-Several differently organized and spaced areas
Southeast Asian Urban Model
Contains some of most populous and fastest growing cities
-Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district
Bid Rent Curve
How the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the CBD increases.
-Closer to city center=High price
-Far out=transportation factor
Mixed-use zoning/planning
-Idea of a 15 min city
-Type of urban development, urban planning and/or a zoning type that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses into one space, where functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrate, and that provides pedestrian connections.
Walkability
Measure of how friendly and area is to walking.
Has health, environmental, and economical benefits.
Transported-oriented development
Urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport.
Smart Growth Policies
Urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl.
New Urbanism
Planning and development approach based on walkable blocks and stresses, housing, and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces.
Goals of New Urbanism/Smart Growth
-Reduce amount of area of suburban/urban sprawl
-Increase walkability or pedestrian friendly areas, increase bikeable areas
-Increase transit-oriented development, more energy efficient/public transportation, decrease commuting time or live close to work
-Expand variety of housing types in the same area
-Increase diversity: ages, income levels, cultures, ethnicities
-Construct green buildings or energy efficient structures
-Enable healthier lifestyles: outdoor activities, eliminate food desserts
-Produce architecture and design to reflect local history or culture
-Construct denser or more compact built spaces; support dense population
-Develop more open public space
-Promote sustainability: minimal environmental impact, eco-friendly tech, less use of fuels
Green Belt/Green way
An area of open land around a city where building is restricted.
-Protects natural environments
-Improves air quality within urban areas
-Ensures that urban dwellers have access to countryside
-Protects the unique character of rural communities that might other wise be absorbed by expanding suburbs
Census
Counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region. Records information about the population characteristics, such as age, sex, and occupation.
Redlining
Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they refuse to loan money
Effected families borrowing money, receiving other services, long term decline of low-income, inner city neighborhoods, and continuation of ethnic minority enclaves.
Block-busting
The practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood.
Disamenity Sectors/Zones
Very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services and are controlled by gangs and drugs.
Zones of Abandonment
Lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned.
Squatter Settlements
Any collection of buildings where the people have no legal rights to the land they are built upon. Living illegally, lot’s of poor people’s cases
Land Tenure
The legal regime in which land is owned by an individual, who is said to “hold” the land. It determines who can use the land, for how long, and under what conditions.
Inclusionary zones
Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes
Local food movements
Aims to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant food networks; Improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place
Urban Renewal
Program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. Buy the property, relocate people, clear cite, then build new everything.
Gentrification
Process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses.
Positives of Gentrification
-Increasing property values
-Renovated properties
-New businesses
-New employment
-Improving cultural landscape
-Improvement of business services
-Improvement in public infrastructure
Negatives of Gentrification
-Displacement because of high property values
-Lessens traditional culture/ architecture
-Increases social tension
-Increased homelessness
-Replacement of businesses to global chains
-Expensive goods and services
Brownfield
Any previously developed land that is not currently in use, whether contaminated or not.
Gravity Model
Used to analyze/show the degree to which two places interact with one another (Between people, goods, etc.
15 largest cities
Tokyo
New Delhi
Shanghai
Mumbai
Mexico City
New York
Beijing
San auto
Dhaka
Karachi
Calcutta
Buenos Aires
Los Angeles
Manila
Rio de Janeiro
Describe Site and Situation
Site and Situation factors influence origin, function, and growth of cities.
Site:
(The characteristics of Location) -Availability of water
-Food
-Good soils
-Quality harbor
-Characteristics that make a location easy to defend from attack
-Good topography
-Natural resources
-Trade route
-Transportation system location
Situation:
(Location relative to surroundings)
-External Elements that favor the growth of a city
-Distance to other cities
-Central location
(Location dictates function of city)
(New tech influences importance of cities)
Urban Hearth
Main/center point of an ethnicity, or an area with rivers and fertile soils
Fall line
High to low land, water features, can use for power (Boswash!)
Leapfrogging
When developers purchase land beyond the periphery of the built-up area and build neighborhoods far from the CBD
Burgess Concentric Zone Urban Model
-Looks like target
-Follows Bid-Rent Curve
1.CBD
2.Zone of transition
3.Zone of independent worker’s home
4.Zone of better residences
5. Commuters Zone
-Older homes closer to center, newer development in outer layer (wealthy)
-Farther out, more space, cleanliness, safety, and residential development
-No transportation
Hoyt Sector Urban Model
Looks like target with three sticking out sections
1.CBD
2.Transportation & Industry
3.Low class Residential
4. Middle class Residential
5.High-Class residential
-Industry and transportation closely related for movement and connection to consumers
-Outdated due to changes in transportation
-Living conditions related to price due to location in relation to CBD and sector 2
Harris and Ulman Multiple-Nuclei Urban Model
- CBD
2.Wholesale, light manufacturing
3.Low-class residential
4.Medium-class residential
5.High-class residential
6.Heavy Manufacturing
7.Outlying business district
8.Residential Suburb
9.Industrial suburb
-Multiple business districts, each for different purposes
-Shows developing tech and transportation
-Is not fully centered on CBD
Latin American Urban City Model
Combined Concentric model and Sector model
-Big differences in living space, Poverty=low infrastructure & scrambled
-Government struggles to support all people in urban area
-CBD/ Market/ Square, dominant elite residential sector, commercial spine, surrounded by Concentric zones that decrease in residential quality farther from center
-Spine is mall, elite residential, entertainment, etc, sometimes edge city
Galactic City Urban Model
- Central City
2.Suburban residential Area
3.Shopping mall, university, etc.
4.Industrial district
5.Office Park
6.Service Center
7.Airport complex
8.Combined employment and shopping center
-Service centered city with sub CBDs and districts (Edge cities) connected by belt way
-Inner city surrounded by residential areas, business districts, and transportation
-Focused on edge cities, CBD is no longer dominant, upstaged by specialized areas
-Subdistricts aimed at highway hotspots in suburban areas
