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AP HUG > Unit 5: Agriculture > Flashcards

Unit 5: Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Intensive Farming

A

-Agricultural practice of producing as much yield as possible from an area of land. —-High inputs, capital, and energy (chemical fertilizers/pesticides, labor, etc.)
-Use energy and machines to farm a lot FASTER
-In densely populated region and close to market

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2
Q

Extensive Farming

A

Agricultural practice of using fewer inputs on more land.
-Little input of capital and labor, and much lower outputs.
-Lots of human and animal labor
-Moderately populated regions

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2
Q

Shifting Cultivation

A

-Farmers clear land by slashing vegetation and burning debris (slash and burn)
-Grow crops on field for few years until soil nutrients is depleted then leave it fallow till nutrients is replenished
-1/4 of World’s land, 5% of people practice it

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3
Q

Pastoral Nomadism

A

-Herding of domesticated animals
-Relies on animals not crops
-Arid, where crops can’t exist

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4
Q

Transhumance

A

Seasonal migration of livestock

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5
Q

Intensive Subsistence

A

-Farmers expend large effort to produce max yield from parcel of land
-Area of high density, waste virtually no land

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6
Q

Crop Rotation

A

Rotate crops to avoid exhausting soil.

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7
Q

Plantation

A

-Large farm that specializes in one-two crops
-Cotton, sugar, tobacco, rubber, cocoa, coffee, etc
-Sparely populated areas
-Tropic and Subtropic areas

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8
Q

Mixed Crop & Livestock

A

-Integration of crops and livestock
-Most crops are fed to animals
-Most land for crops, but 3/4 of income comes from animal products

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9
Q

Corn Belt

A

-Most important mixed Crop and livestock farming region in US
-Extends from Ohio to the Dakotas, center in Iowa

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10
Q

Dairy Farming

A

-First outside ring of city, because of transportation and spoiling (Von Thunen Model)
-Improvements in transportation have allowed dairing to happen farther from market (Refrigeration in automobiles)
-Requires constant labor and attention all year

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11
Q

Grain

A

Seed from various grasses (Wheat, corn, barley, rice, etc)

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12
Q

Grain Farming

A

-Crops grown for human consumption mostly
-North America prairies names “Bread basket”
-This farming increases economic/political strength for US and Canada
-Grain farms sell output to manufactures of food products

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13
Q

Livestock Farming

A

Ranching: commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Semi-arid/arid land where vegetation too sparse

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14
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

-Grown for human consumption
-Grown in lands bordering Mediterranean sea (South Europe, North Africa, West Asia)
-Olives, grapes, fruits, veggies
-Horticulture: Growing fruits, veggies, flower, tree crops

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15
Q

Commercial Gardening & Fruit Gardening

A

-Truck Farmers grow any fruit demanded by consumers
-Long growing season and humid climate
-Highly efficient large-scale operations

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16
Q

Truck Farming

A

-Bartering or the exchange of commodities

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17
Q

Clustered rural settlements

A

Agricultural-based community where families live in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding community

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18
Q

Dispersed rural settlements

A

Farmers living in individual farms isolated from neighbors (North America rural landscape)

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19
Q

Linear Rural Settlements

A

Compromise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

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20
Q

Metes and Bounds

A

System that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural resources (Streams or trees) to survey land
Mete=measurement
Bounds=boundaries

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21
Q

Township and Range

A

Rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands in interior of US

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22
Q

Long Lot

A

Land surveying where land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from m rivers, roads, or canals.

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23
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in 15-16 centuries.

-North America: Beans, Cocoa, Corn, pineapples, potatoes, pumpkins, tobacco, llama, turkey,buffalo, etc

-Old World: Bananas, cattle, chickens, citrus fruits, coffee, horses, pigs, rice, sugarcane

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24
Q

Fourth Agricultural Revolution

A

New trends in engineering, digital agriculture with greater focus on protecting environment
(Local-food movement, organic farming, minimal chemicals)d

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25
Q

Green Revolution

A

Use of high-yield seeds, increase of chemicals, and mechanized farming
-Led by Norman Borloug
Positives: Increase food production, cheaper consumer prices, more jobs

Negatives: Increase use of fertilizers- lead to runoff, mono cropping decreased soil quality, machines cause soil compaction, pesticides consumed by other organisms, lower prices hurt farmers

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26
Q

Subsistence Farming

A

-Production of food primarily for consumption by farmer’s family and community. Not farming for profit or selling.
-Human/animal labor.
-Small farms, isolated business.
-Shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism

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27
Q

Commercial Farming

A

-Production of food to sell off farms and make profit.
-Products sold to food processing companies
-Machinery and scientific advances to increase productivity
-Dairying, Grain, Ranching, Mediterranean, Commercial Gardening, Plantation

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28
Q

Monocropping

A

Agricultural practice of growing single crop year after year on same land, never rotating crops. Depletes nutrients in soil, and causes less yields.

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29
Q

Agribusiness

A

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration and ownership of different steps in food-processing industry

29
Q

Monoculture

A

Agricultural practice of producing/growing single crop/plant o livestock species/variety/breed in a field or farming systems at a time

30
Q

Bid Rent Theory

A

-Explains how land value determines how extensive or intensive land is use
-Geographical economic theory that refers to how prices and demand for real estate change as distance from CBD increases
-Different land users will compete with one another for land close to center
-Rent at any location is equal to the value of its product minus production and transportation costs

30
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

Large-scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers of retail outlets.
-Wheat, maize, tee, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana, and cotton.

31
Q

Commodity Chain

A

Process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods/commodities, and finally distribute them to consumers

32
Q

Industrial Agriculture

A

Industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and rops
Uses innovation of machinery/farming methods, genetic tech, new markets, genetic, and world trade.

Benefits: Cheap and Plentiful food, convenience for consumers, improves all levels of food production
Drawbacks: Environmental and social costs, damage to fisheries, pesticide poisoning, pollution from fossil fuels

33
Q

Global Supply Chain

A

Dynamic worldwide network when company purchases of uses goods/services from overseas. Involves people, info, processes, and resources involved in production, handling, and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the costumer.

34
Q

Land-altering agricultural practices

A

Slash and burn
Terraces
Irrigation
Deforestation
Draining wetlands
Shifting cultivation
Pastoral nomadism

35
Q

Von Thunen Model

A

-Theorizes rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from market.
-High transportation costs=closer to market and vice versa

-1st Ring: Garden and dairy products, must reach market quickly
-2nd: Woodlots, weight=high transportation costs
-3rd: Grains, field crops, easy to transport
-4th: Animal grazing,, ranching, requires lots of space

Assumptions:
-Isolation (one market in one area, no outside influence)
-Site Factors (land is flat and fertility uniform)
-Transportation (No significant transport infrastructure)

Did not consider: Social customs/government influence plant choices, IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION and TECH, regional markets/corporations

36
Q

Organic Farming

A

Use natural processes and seeds that aren’t genetically altered.

37
Q

Value Added Products

A

Change in physical state or form of product through processing or enhancing.

38
Q

Fair Trade

A

Set business practices voluntarily adopted by the producers and buyers of agricultural commodities and handmade crafts that are designed to advance many economic, social, and environmental goals

39
Q

Local food movements

A

Aims to connect food producers and consumers in same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant food networks; improve local economies, or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place.
Also greatly decreases fuels use in transportation costs.

39
Q

Food Insecurity

A

Struggling to receive or obtain efficient amount of food for proper health and nutrition. Through insufficient money/resources.

40
Q

Malnutrition

A

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right food.

41
Q

Food Desert

A

Area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

42
Q

Food Oasis

A

Area with higher access to supermarkets or vegetables shops with fresh foods

43
Q

Strategies to increase food supply

A

-Expand land area used or agriculture
-Methods of higher production
-Identity of new food sources
-Increasing exports from other countries

44
Q

Density Measurements

A

-Arithmetic Density: number of people divided by overall land area (how many people in a place)

Physiological Density: number of people divided by arable land (how many people are supported by farm land)

Agricultural Density: Number of farmers divided by arable land (how developed is country) MDCs have smaller density, more tech

45
Q

Agriculture

A

Deliberate modification of the Earths surface through domestication of plants and animals

46
Q

Seasonal Migration

A

Migrating according to seasons between cooler/warmer mountainous/valley locations

47
Q

Nomadism

A

Practice of hunting and gathering to find food, but with no major pattern/routine in locations or route of travel

48
Q

Elements that affect agriculture

A

Climate, elevation, soil, and topography

49
Q

Vladimir Koppen Climate regions

A

Tropical: Warm year-round with lots of rain
Dry: Continental interiors, arid, very little rain
Temperate: Moderate temps, adequate rain (long summer, short winter)
Continental: Wet winter and how summer (northern hemisphere)
Polar: Tundra & Icecap, very cold

49
Q

Agricultural Hearths

A

-Area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.
-Hearths of independent innovations that people developed over time through trail and error, and with luck.

50
Q

OG Agricultural Hearths

A

Central America: Cocoa beans, pepper, maize, palm oil
Andean Highlands: Beans, potatoes, tomatoes
West Africa: Coffee, peas, millets, sesame
East Africa: Beans, Olives, peas, cottonseed oil
Fertile Cresent: Barley, beans, peas, rye, wheat
Indus River valley: Barley, cotton, peas, sesame, wheat
North central china: Apples, grapes, lemon, rice, tea, fruit
Southeast Asia: Bananas, cloves, coconuts, sugarcane, tea

51
Q

First Agricultural Revolution

A

-11,000 years ago, lasted 1000+ years
-Shift from foraging to farming
-Occurred at different Hearths at different times
-Led to development of specialized labor, complex society, ruling class, social organization, religion, first cities and civilizations

51
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

-17-19th centuries
-New practices and tools starting in Britain
-Higher crop yields, horses, advancements in fertilizer and drainage.
-caused labor surplus, which led to industrial revolution
-crop rotation invented

52
Q

Sedentary

A

settling in one place and making that place a permanent home

53
Q

Enclosure system

A

-communal lands replaced individual farms owned by community and managed by owner or tenants

53
Q

Third Agriculture Revolution

A

20th century-today
-Electrical power and mechanization
-Synthetic fertilizers and pestacides
-GMOs and genetic innovation
-Led

53
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms

A

Manipulation of genetic makeup of plants and animals to be better

54
Q

Dual Agricultural Economy

A

Two agricultural sectors in same country/region that have different levels of tech and different patterns of demand

55
Q

Hybridization

A

Creating hybrid plants to promoted desired characteristics and resistance

56
Q

Vertical Integration

A

When a company controls more than one stage of the production process (reduce costs, improves efficiencies, increases profits)

57
Q

Farm subsidies

A

low cost loans, insurance, and payments provided by U.S government

58
Q

Commodity Dependence

A

Occurs when countries depends on a single export cash crop (dangerous and risky)

59
Q

Agricultural Landscapes

A

landscapes resulting from the interactions between farming activities and locations natural environment

60
Q

Agro Ecostyem

A

an ecosystem modified for agricultural use

60
Q

Terracing

A

Process of carving parts of hill into small, level growing plots

61
Q

Aquifers

A

layers of underground and gravel and rocks that contain and can release lot soft water

62
Q

Desertification

A

Form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to desert-like condition

63
Q

Precision Agriculture

A

Uses variety of cutting-edge tech to apply inputs such as water and fertilizers with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields

64
Q

Aquafarming

A

Farming of fish, crustacean,s mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms
Cultivating water populations under controlled conditions

AP HUG (3 decks)

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