Unit 2: Population Flashcards
Population Distribution
Where people live within a geographic area
-Affects cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects/conditions of any given area.
Human Migration
occurs when people make a permanent move from one place to another
-can happen for economic (jobs, working conditions, pay), political (government, war), cultural (safety, sense of place, community), and historical (ancient settlements still draw populations) factors.
Population Density
number of people occupying a unit of land
Arithmetic Density: total number of people per unit area of land
Physiological Density: total number of people per unit of arable land
Agricultural Density: total number of farmers per unit of arable land
Carry Capacity
maximum population size an environment can sustain
Dependency Ratio
-the number of people in a dependent age group (-15 or 60+) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (15-59) times 100
-not totally accurate
Sex Ratio
represents the proportion of males to females in a population
-usually more males born, but females live about 5 years longer
Demographics
data about the structures and characteristics of human population
Fertility
Ability to produce children (influences birth rate)
Crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births in a given year per 1000 people in given population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children one women in a given county/region will have during her childbearing years (15-49)
Population’s replacement level
number of children per women necessary to keep a country’s population constant
Mortality
deaths as a component of population change (affected by water, health care, food, and shelter)
-mortality is a key factor of demographics
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people (below 10 is low, higher than 20 is high)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
*better than CDR
Life expectancy
average number of years a person is expected to live
-core countries=80+
-peripheral countries=50
Population Pyramids
used to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population
-can show age-sex distribution of a given population
Rate of Natural Increase
the difference between the crude birth rate and crude Death Rate or a defined group of people
-High RNI indicates rapid pop. growth
-Doesn’t account for migration or specific story
Doubling Time(DT)
number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double
-70/RNI=DT
-Good for analyzing trends between regions
Overpopulation
a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity
Malthus’s Theory
-Thomas Malthus, late 1700s, ,English demographic
-Theorized that population growth would grow exponentially, while food and resources would go arithmetically
-Believed population would exceed our carry capacity
-Malthus didn’t foresee our advancements of civilization that increased food production exponentially (refrigerator)
Neo-Malthusian
Raises concerns about sustainable use of the planet, saying Earth’s resources will have a limit
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
-Represents the shifts in growth that the world’s population have undergone-and are still experiencing- over time
-Used to better understand the relative stability of a population and the factors that affect population growth
-all countries go through first 4 stages. rarely going backwards, some countries are at 5. some indigenous groups are thought to still be at 1
Stages:
1: Before industrial rev. high death and birth, low pop
2: industrialization, high birth, growing pop, lower death
3:Birth rates decrease and development occurs
4: birth rate deceased as development occurs
5: population begins to decrease
Epidemiological Transition Model
-Describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as a result of changes in causes of death
-Only related to health factors, over simplifies patterns of disease, overlook poverty, does not account for future.
Stages:
1.Famine-Infectious and parasitic disease-High death, low life expectancy
2.Receding Pandemic Disease-Lower spread of infection, improved sanitation/medicine-Death decreases, life expectancy increases
3.Degenerative and Human-created Disease-Increase disease related to aging-Death is low, life expectancy increases
4.Delayed degenerative diseases-Medical advances reduce disease of aging-Life expectancy is highest
5.Reemergence of Infectious Disease-Infectious/Parasitic disease resistant to antibiotics-life expectancy decreases
Antinatalist
Government policies discouraging citizens from having children, worried about population growth exceeding resources
Pronatalist
Government policies encouraging births and aim to accelerate population growth
(trying to boost working pop, or worry about aging pops)
Mobility
All types of movement form one location to another, whether temporary or permanent, or over long/short distances
Circulation
Temporary, repetitive movements that occur on a regular basis
Human Migration
Permanent movement of people from one place to another
Emmigration
Is movement away from a location
Immigration
movement to a location
Net migration
if less people immigrate than immigrate from a country, net migration is positive and vice versa
Gravity Model
suggest that as the population of a city increases, migration or the city increases and as the distance of the city grows, migration to the city decrease
Laws of migration
-Migration is typically over a short distance
-It occurs in steps from rural area to city/larger city
-long-distance migrants move to urban areas/economical opportunities
-generates a counter flow, rural people migrate more than urban
-males migrate long distance more than females
-most migrants are young males -cities grow by immigrants -increases with economic development
Push factor
a negative cause that compels someone to leave a location (gang, climate, etc)
Pull factor
positive affect that draws someone to a location (jobs, afe areas, etc)
Voluntary Migration
people make the choice to move a new place
Forced migration
people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
Transnational migration
immigrants to a new country retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to the country of origin and may return regularly
friction of distance
a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it has
transhumance
migration by nomads who move herds between cooler and lower elevations
chain migration
where people migrant because others from their community had previously migrated there
step migration
series of smaller moves to get to an ultimate destination
intervening obstacle
occurrence that holds migrants back
intervening opportunity
occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
guest workers
migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers
circulate migration
when migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and their destination country
asylum
the right of protection a refugee can demand in a new country
interregional migration
movement of one region of a country to another
intraregional migration
movement of one region of a country to another
skill gaps
a shortage of people trained in a particular industry
Quotas
limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country per year
kinship links
networks of relatives and friends
-led to migrants to follow kinship and move to some place
brain drain
the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of other countries
Eumene
where humans live
study study guide for this unit!!!!!!
study study guide for this unit!!!!!!
study study guide for this unit!!!!!!
study study guide for this unit!!!!!!
