Unit 6, Topic 7: Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

a permanent change in a DNA sequence

A

Mutations

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2
Q

underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism

A

Genotype

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3
Q

observable traits expressed by an organism

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

failure of synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the first cell division of meiosis

A

Nondisjunction

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5
Q

process by which one segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome

A

Translocation

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6
Q

detachment, 180° rotation, and reinsertion of a chromosome arm

A

Inversion

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7
Q

a base pair is removed from the DNA sequence

A

Deletion

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8
Q

transfer of genes between unrelated species

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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9
Q

process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

in prokaryotes: the cell takes in DNA shed by other prokaryotes

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10
Q

process by which prokaryotes move DNA from one individual to another using a pilus

A

Conjugation

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11
Q

genes are transferred from one organism to another through copying and inserting process

A

Transposition

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12
Q

mutation that affects a single base

A

Point mutation

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13
Q

multiple copies of genes

A

Duplication

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14
Q

process by which a bacteriophage moves DNA from one prokaryote to another

A

Transduction

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15
Q

when pyrimidines and purines replace each other

A

Substitution

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16
Q

How can mutations lead to natural selection?

A

They can lead to developments of new traits that help an organism survive

17
Q

Are substitutions are small or large scale mutations?

A

small

18
Q

Differentiate between silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. Predict which would be most detrimental and why?

A

nonsense because it can prematurely stop translation which can prevent the formation of the correct protein

19
Q

Mutations can be detrimental, beneficial, or neutral. Give an example of a mutation that is detrimental and an example where it is beneficial.

A

Detrimental: a mutation that causes rapid weight gain
Beneficial: a mutation that gives longer claws to cats
Neutral: a mutation that doesn’t affect the phenotype of an organism

20
Q

If one bacterial cell has a gene that is promoting its survival, explain how other bacterial cells can benefit from it.

A

that one cell can reproduce with the others and create more bacterial cells that will have that same gene

21
Q

Describe the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis.

A

Deletion of phenylalanine on amino acid 508

22
Q

change in an organism’s genotype can cause a change in the organism’s (blank).

A

phenotype

23
Q

What does it mean if a gene/trait is “evolutionarily conserved”?

A

A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution

24
Q

Describe transformation. Are all bacteria competent?

A

The prerequisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extracellular genetic material

25
Q

Describe the process of conjugation

A

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

26
Q

Describe the process of transduction

A

A bacteriophage passes DNA from one bacteria cell to another (transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a viral vector)

27
Q

What are the two reproductive cycles of bacteriophages? Describe each.

A

lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (temperate). Lytic phages take over the machinery of the cell to make phage components. They then destroy, or lyse, the cell, releasing new phage particles Bacteriophages: a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it