Unit 6 Test Review

Question 1

What term refers to living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye?

Answer 1

microorganisms

Question 2

People with diseases tend to congregate in medical settings, creating an environment where _____ are likely to be passed from one person to another.

Answer 2

infections

Question 3

_______ are a way to bolster immunity to certain diseases and are especially recommended for children and the elderly or others who are more vulnerable to infection.

Answer 3

immunizations

Question 4

What do the normal flora that exist in our intestinal tract help us to do?

Answer 4

digest our food, make important nutrients for our bodies, and crowd out harmful organisms

Question 5

What term refers to microorganisms that exist in and on animals and humans without causing disease?

Answer 5

normal flora

Question 6

What term refers to a place where pathogens survive and multiply?

Answer 6

reservoir

Question 7

Microorganisms can come in different types, with the MOST common being:

Answer 7

bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Question 8

What do we call people who can harbor pathogens in their bodies while their body’s defenses keep them from getting ill?

Answer 8

carriers

Question 9

The human body, animals, and insects are what kind of reservoirs for disease?

Answer 9

living reservoirs

Question 10

Pathogens go through a process that involves a series of events that need to happen for infections to spread, also referred to as a:

Answer 10

chain of infection

Question 11

How should we cook foods in order to kill microorganisms and prevent their growth?

Answer 11

high temperatures or add salt

Question 12

Pathogens that can harm humans prefer what approximate temperature?

Answer 12

95 degrees fahrenheit

Question 13

In a chain of infection, what is the first link in the chain?

Answer 13

agent itself, which can be any type of microorganism that can cause disease

Question 14

Microorganisms that need oxygen to survive are called what?

Answer 14

aerobic organisms

Question 15

What is the MOST frequent portal of exit for human or animal reservoirs?

Answer 15

bodily fluids

Question 16

Sanjay is running a fever, which means that the temperature of his body has increased to create what kind of environment for the infection that he is trying to fight off?

Answer 16

moist environment

Question 17

What pathogen transmission method involves infectious organisms floating through the air and traveling in heating and cooling systems?

Answer 17

airborne transmission

Question 18

A(n) _____ is an organism that carries the pathogen to the susceptible host, most often as an insect, like a mosquito, that bites or stings the host.

Answer 18

vector

Question 19

Microorganisms that either do not require oxygen to grow or are actually killed by the presence of oxygen are referred to as ________.

Answer 19

anaerobic organisms

Question 20

Young children are more susceptible to infections because their immune systems are immature and have not been exposed to many _______ which help the immune system develop defenses.

Answer 20

pathogens

Question 21

What does the word asepsis mean?

Answer 21

the absence of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

Question 22

A range of practices used to protect highly susceptible patients from infection is referred to as:

Answer 22

protective isolation

Question 23

Soil, water, food, and surfaces are what kind of reservoirs for disease?

Answer 23

nonliving reservoirs

Question 24

What level of defense occurs when the immune system is activated and produces antibodies that neutralize or destroy pathogenic organisms?

Answer 24

tertiary defenses

Question 25

Once a pathogen exits a reservoir, it needs _______ to get to a susceptible host.

Answer 25

mode of transmission

Question 26

What is the general term that refers to removing any visible soil from surfaces or objects?

Answer 26

cleaning

Question 27

The number one thing that anyone in a medical setting can do to save lives is to properly and at the right times:

Answer 27

wash hands

Question 28

People who a very young or very old, have a compromised immune system, or an immune deficiency are _____ to infection.

Answer 28

more vulnerable

Question 29

In the nineteenth century, operations were often performed on the same table as autopsies, often with the same nurses and doctors. What did this often result in?

Answer 29

many fatal injections in surgical patients

Question 30

Around the time of the nineteenth century, surgeons often pridefully wore gowns crusted with dried fluids and human materials from previous surgeries. What was the reasoning for this?

Answer 30

showed how experienced a surgeon was

Question 31

The _____ to a susceptible host can be a normal opening of the body, like the nostril, the eye, the mouth, the anus, or the urethra, or it can be through abnormal openings like cuts, surgical incisions, or insertion sites of tubes or needles.

Answer 31

portal of entry

Question 32

In today’s modern society, approximately 1 of every ___ patients is affected by infection transmitted during a hospital stay.

Answer 32

25

Question 33

What type of defenses are anatomical features that limit the entry of pathogens?

Answer 33

immune systems

Question 34

What hand washing method should be used to wash your hands when they are visibly dirty, before eating, or after using the bathroom?

Answer 34

social hand-washing methods

Question 35

What term refers to additional infection-control practices to be used with patients known or suspected to be infected with a highly-transmissible disease?

Answer 35

transmission based precautions

Question 36

What practices are used for infection control for patients with an infection known to be spread by direct contact or indirect contact with items in the patient’s environment?

Answer 36

contact precautions: gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles

Question 37

An outbreak of disease affecting many individuals at the same time is referred to as a(n):

Answer 37

epidemic

Question 38

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections, but because they have been used very widely, some bacteria are adapting and becoming:

Answer 38

withstand antibiotics

Question 39

__________ are infections people get while they are receiving care for another condition.

Answer 39

healthcare associated infections (HAIs)

Question 40

Most children going to school are required to get or take__________ in order to help to prevent many illnesses that used to be very deadly and still threaten to come back and cause illness.

Answer 40

vaccinations

Question 41

When____________ pathogens spread, they can’t be treated by first-line antibiotics, and more expensive drugs need to be used.

Answer 41

antimicrobial

Question 42

What kind of infections are relatively harmless to a healthy individual but can be very dangerous or deadly for those with compromised immune systems, such as common fungal and viral infections?

Answer 42

adenovirus

Question 43

The term nosocomial infection refers to HAIs that occur where?

Answer 43

a hospital