Unit 6 Test Review Flashcards
What term refers to living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye?
microorganisms
People with diseases tend to congregate in medical settings, creating an environment where _____ are likely to be passed from one person to another.
infections
_______ are a way to bolster immunity to certain diseases and are especially recommended for children and the elderly or others who are more vulnerable to infection.
immunizations
What do the normal flora that exist in our intestinal tract help us to do?
digest our food, make important nutrients for our bodies, and crowd out harmful organisms
What term refers to microorganisms that exist in and on animals and humans without causing disease?
normal flora
What term refers to a place where pathogens survive and multiply?
reservoir
Microorganisms can come in different types, with the MOST common being:
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
What do we call people who can harbor pathogens in their bodies while their body’s defenses keep them from getting ill?
carriers
The human body, animals, and insects are what kind of reservoirs for disease?
living reservoirs
Pathogens go through a process that involves a series of events that need to happen for infections to spread, also referred to as a:
chain of infection
How should we cook foods in order to kill microorganisms and prevent their growth?
high temperatures or add salt
Pathogens that can harm humans prefer what approximate temperature?
95 degrees fahrenheit
In a chain of infection, what is the first link in the chain?
agent itself, which can be any type of microorganism that can cause disease
Microorganisms that need oxygen to survive are called what?
aerobic organisms
What is the MOST frequent portal of exit for human or animal reservoirs?
bodily fluids
Sanjay is running a fever, which means that the temperature of his body has increased to create what kind of environment for the infection that he is trying to fight off?
moist environment
What pathogen transmission method involves infectious organisms floating through the air and traveling in heating and cooling systems?
airborne transmission
A(n) _____ is an organism that carries the pathogen to the susceptible host, most often as an insect, like a mosquito, that bites or stings the host.
vector
Microorganisms that either do not require oxygen to grow or are actually killed by the presence of oxygen are referred to as ________.
anaerobic organisms
Young children are more susceptible to infections because their immune systems are immature and have not been exposed to many _______ which help the immune system develop defenses.
pathogens
What does the word asepsis mean?
the absence of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
A range of practices used to protect highly susceptible patients from infection is referred to as:
protective isolation
Soil, water, food, and surfaces are what kind of reservoirs for disease?
nonliving reservoirs
What level of defense occurs when the immune system is activated and produces antibodies that neutralize or destroy pathogenic organisms?
tertiary defenses
Once a pathogen exits a reservoir, it needs _______ to get to a susceptible host.
mode of transmission
What is the general term that refers to removing any visible soil from surfaces or objects?
cleaning
The number one thing that anyone in a medical setting can do to save lives is to properly and at the right times:
wash hands
People who a very young or very old, have a compromised immune system, or an immune deficiency are _____ to infection.
more vulnerable
In the nineteenth century, operations were often performed on the same table as autopsies, often with the same nurses and doctors. What did this often result in?
many fatal injections in surgical patients
Around the time of the nineteenth century, surgeons often pridefully wore gowns crusted with dried fluids and human materials from previous surgeries. What was the reasoning for this?
showed how experienced a surgeon was
The _____ to a susceptible host can be a normal opening of the body, like the nostril, the eye, the mouth, the anus, or the urethra, or it can be through abnormal openings like cuts, surgical incisions, or insertion sites of tubes or needles.
portal of entry
In today’s modern society, approximately 1 of every ___ patients is affected by infection transmitted during a hospital stay.
25
What type of defenses are anatomical features that limit the entry of pathogens?
immune systems
What hand washing method should be used to wash your hands when they are visibly dirty, before eating, or after using the bathroom?
social hand-washing methods
What term refers to additional infection-control practices to be used with patients known or suspected to be infected with a highly-transmissible disease?
transmission based precautions
What practices are used for infection control for patients with an infection known to be spread by direct contact or indirect contact with items in the patient’s environment?
contact precautions: gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles
An outbreak of disease affecting many individuals at the same time is referred to as a(n):
epidemic
Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections, but because they have been used very widely, some bacteria are adapting and becoming:
withstand antibiotics
__________ are infections people get while they are receiving care for another condition.
healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Most children going to school are required to get or take__________ in order to help to prevent many illnesses that used to be very deadly and still threaten to come back and cause illness.
vaccinations
When____________ pathogens spread, they can’t be treated by first-line antibiotics, and more expensive drugs need to be used.
antimicrobial
What kind of infections are relatively harmless to a healthy individual but can be very dangerous or deadly for those with compromised immune systems, such as common fungal and viral infections?
adenovirus
The term nosocomial infection refers to HAIs that occur where?
a hospital
