___________ is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movements of warmer and cooler fluid. ___________ is the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between the particles that make up matter. __________ is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as light and microwaves.

Convection Conduction Radiation

Unit 6 Review Flashcards by Yahnsen Wagner

Provide the term: An explanation of how the particles in gases behave.

kinetic theory

The kinetic theory is also known as the kinetic molecular theory.

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What are the four assumptions of the kinetic theory?

PRCE

All matter is composed of tiny particles₁
These particles are in constant, random motion
The particles collide with each other and with the walls of any container in which they are held.
The amount of energy that the particles lose from these collisions is negligible.

PARTICLES, RANDOM, COLLIDE, ENERGY

₁ Atoms, molecules, and ions

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True or false: The particles that make up the right burner are moving faster than the particles that make up the left burner.

False

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The…of an object is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of all of the particles that make up that object.

A. specific heat
B. kinetic theory
C. thermal energy
D. radiation

C. thermal energy

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____ is the energy that is transferred between objects due to a temperature difference between those objects.

Heat

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True or false: Warmer objects always heat cooler objects, but the reverse never occurs.

True

A hot stove will heat a cold pot of water, but a cold pot of water can never heat a hot stove.

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The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 __ of that material by 1 ___.

kg,˚C

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Provide the units for specific heat.

joules per kilogram degree Celsius

J/kg˚C

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Will aluminum or copper take longer to heat to 100˚C?

Aluminum

It has a higher specific heat, so it will take longer to heat up and cool down.

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What is the heat transfer equation?

Q = m * ∆T * C_p

Q - heat (J)
m - mass (kg)
∆T - change in temperature (K or ˚C)
C_p - specific heat (J/kg*K)

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In the equation: Q = m * ∆T * C_p, what does Q stand for?

heat (J)

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In the equation: Q = m * ∆T * C_p, what does ∆T stand for?

change in temperature

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In the equation: Q = m * ∆T * C_p, what does C_p stand for?

specific heat

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It takes 487.5 J to heat 25 grams of copper from 25˚C to 75˚C.

What is the specific heat?

0.39 J/g˚C

or 390 J/kg˚C

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___________ is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movements of warmer and cooler fluid.
___________ is the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between the particles that make up matter.
__________ is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as light and microwaves.

Convection
Conduction
Radiation

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Why does conduction occur?

particles that make up matter are in constant motion

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True or false: Convection primarily occurs in solids.

False

Convection is the process of heat transfer in liquids and gases.

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What heat transformation is being described?

More energetic particles moving from one place to another.

Convection

When a part of the liquid or gas is heated, its particles move faster and spread apart, making it less dense. This causes the warmer, less dense fluid to rise, while the cooler, denser fluid sinks.

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What heat transformation is being described?

A metal spoon laying in hot soup making the spoon’s handle warm.

conduction

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True or false: Electromagnetic waves (the ones present in radiation) can travel through space even when matter is not present.

True

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Energy that is transferred by radiation is also called what?

radiant energy

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What heat transformation is being described?

A boy feels heat from standing near a campfire.

Radiation

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What heat transformation is being described?

Denise Hempfield walks barefoot on hot sand, causing her to get burned.

conduction

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What heat transformation is being described?

The air inside a hot air balloon is heated, making it less dense and causing the balloon to rise.

convection

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What do conduction, convection, and radiation all transfer?

energy

True or false: Darker surfaces reflect more radiation.

False

``` A 15.75-kg piece of iron absorbs 1087 joules of heat energy, and its temperature changes from 25˚C to 175˚C. ``` Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.

0.46 J/kg˚C ## Footnote C = q / m∆T

How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10 kg of aluminum from 22˚C to 55˚C if the specific heat of aluminum is 900 J/kg˚C?

297000 J ## Footnote Q = mc∆T

An ________ charge is a property that leads to the electromagnetic interactions (repelling or attracting) between particles of matter.

electric ## Footnote Charged particles exert forces on each other through the electromagnetic force. Like charges repel, while opposite charges attract.

What is all matter made up of?

atoms

Atoms have a natural...charge. **A.** positive **B.** negative **C.** neutral **D.** semicosmetic

C. neutral ## Footnote Atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons which balance each other out. If they gain or lose electrons from outside forces, they become a positively or negatively charged ions.

What are the three things that atoms are made up of?

1. Protons (+) 2. Neutrons (0) 3. Electrons (-)

What is static electricity?

the accumulation of excess electric charge on an object | (the buildup of electric charge due to the transfer of electrons) ## Footnote Electrons can transfer from one object to another, and when that occurs, the object can gain electrons (and a negative charge) or lose electrons and gain a positive charge.

True or false: Protons are the primary particles responsible for changes in charge.

False ## Footnote Electrons are small, lightweight, and easily transferred between objects. Protons are tightly bound within the nucleus and don't move freely, which is why electrical charge and static electricity mostly involve the movement of electrons.

What does the law of conservation of charge state?

when you charge something by any method, no charges are created or destroyed

The force between two electrically charged objects is called...

an electric force

Like _______, electric force is a non-contact force that works over a ________.

gravity, distance ## Footnote Electric force is a force because it causes objects to move by pulling them together (attracting) or pushing them apart (repelling).

The law of electric charges states that...charges repel, and...charges attract. **A.** opposite, like **B.** like, opposite **C.** like, like **D.** opposite, opposite

B. like, opposite

An electric ______ is the region around a charged object where electric forces (repel or attract) can be exerted on another object.

field ## Footnote When you rub a balloon on your hair, electrons transfer from your hair to the balloon. The balloon becomes negatively charged and creates an electric field around it, which can pull small paper pieces toward it.

* a material through which electrons move easily * a material in which electrons are not able to move easily ## Footnote word bank: insulator, conductor

* conductor * insulator

Provide examples (2-3) of conductors.

1. Copper 2. Silver 3. Gold 4. Iron 5. Steel ## Footnote All metals are extremely good conductors.

Provide examples (2-3) of insulators.

1. Rubber 2. Plastic 3. Glass 4. Wood 5. Ceramics ## Footnote Insulators "insulate" electrical components, keeping current contained within circuits. They block or resist the free movement of electrons.

What are the three ways that objects can be charged?

1. Friction 2. Conduction 3. Induction ## Footnote All these are caused by electrons moving.

Happens when electrons move from one object to another through direct contact; touching or rubbing.

charging by contact (conduction)

Happens when charges in an uncharged object are rearranged without direct contact (no touching) with a charged object.

charging by induction

A thundercloud is like a massive ______ electricity generator.

static

How do lightning strikes occur?

when positive charges at the ground attract negative charges at the bottom of a storm cloud

What is an electroscope?

a device that can detect electric charge

* a closed, conducting path * the flow of charges through a wire or any conductor * the flow of electrons * the amount of work required to move each unit of charge through the circuit * the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons ## Footnote Word Bank: voltage, electricity, circuit, electric current, resistance

* circuit * electric current * electricity * voltage * resistance

True or false: For charges to flow, the wire must always be connected in a circuit.

True

How is electric current measured?

in amperes (A)

True or false: Charges flow from low voltage areas to high voltage areas.

False

What are the units for voltage?

volts (V)

Resistance changes electrical energy into _______ and ______ energy. | provide the types of energy

thermal, light

True or false: A lightbulb filament is a type of resistor.

True

What is resistance measured in?

Ohms (Ω)

What is the difference between electric current and voltage?

Voltage is the "push" and "pull" that moves electrons, while the electric current is the amount of electrons moving. ## Footnote In other words, the voltage is the water pressure, while the electric current is the water flow.

What are some things that can affect resistance in a conductor?

Provide the Ohm's Law equation.

I = V / R ## Footnote I = electric current (amperes) V = voltage (volts) R = resistance (ohms)

The ... of an object is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object. **A.** conductivity **B.** heat **C.** charge **D.** temperature

D. temperature

The specific heat of an object depends on its what?

chemical makeup ## Footnote Different materials absorb heat differently; stronger bonds require more energy. The type of atoms, bonds, and molecular structure determine how much energy is needed to raise the temperature.