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unit 6 (nonspecific innate immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

a group of individual organisms belonging to the same species and limited to a certain geographic area

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2
Q

symbiosis

A

any interaction between different species within a community, may be beneficial, harmful, or have no effect on species involved

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3
Q

mutualism

A

symbiosis in which two species benefit from each other

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4
Q

commensalism

A

symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is uneffected

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5
Q

parasitism

A

symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed

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6
Q

microbiome definition

A

refers to all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that are associated w/ a certain organism

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7
Q

human microbiome is composed of what types of microbiota

A

resident microbiota and transient microbiota

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8
Q

resident microbiota

A

consists of microorganisms that constantly live on our bodies

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9
Q

transient microbiota

A

consists of microbes that are only temporarily found in or on the body and may include pathogenic organisms

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10
Q

reservoir of infection

A

location where the microorganism normally resides and can be living or nonliving

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11
Q

zoonosis

A

a microbe that is normally found in an animal

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12
Q

zoonotic disease

A

any disease coming from transmission to humans

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13
Q

contact transmission types

A

direct and indirect

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14
Q

direct contact transmission types

A

person-to-person, vertical, horizontal, droplet

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15
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

fomites can become contaminated by pathogens from an infected individual or reservoir

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16
Q

person-to-person transmission

A

touching, kissing, sex, droplet sprays

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17
Q

vertical transmission

A

mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding

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18
Q

horizontal transmission

A

mucous membrane contact, possibly skin-to-skin

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19
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission of pathogen to new host over one meter or less

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20
Q

vehicle transmission

A

refers to transmission of pathogens over air, food, and water

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21
Q

vector transmission types

A

diseases can be transmitted through a mechanical or biological vector

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22
Q

mechanical transmission

A

transmitted by a mechanical vector which is an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself

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23
Q

biological transmission

A

disease transmitted biological vector that the pathogen reproduces in and transmits pathogen from one host to another

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24
Q

nonspecific innate immunity definition

A

multifaceted system of defenses that targets invading pathogens in a nonspecific manner

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25
Q

3 categories of nonspecific innate immunity

A

physical defenses, chemical defenses, cellular defenses

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26
Q

physical defense types

A

physical barriers, mechanical defenses, microbiome

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27
Q

types of physical barriers

A

skin barrier, mucous membranes, endothelia

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28
Q

physical barrier function

A

consists of tightly packed cells that prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissues

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29
Q

skin barrier functions/mechanisms

A

epidermis consists of dead and tightly packed keratin which is tough and resistant to degradation of bacterial enzymes, fatty acids create dry, salty, acidic environment, skin cells shed often and take microbes clung to them (mechanical defense)

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30
Q

mucous membranes comprised of

A

consists of a layer of epithelial cells bound by tight junctions that secrete a mucus

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31
Q

mucus function

A

covers and protects more fragile cell layers beneath it and traps debris and particulate matter, including microbes and also contain antimicrobial peptides

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32
Q

endothelia

A

epithelial cells lining the urogenital tract, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and certain other tissues that are tightly packed to create barrier against invaders

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33
Q

mechanical defenses

A

shedding of skin cells, expulsion of mucus (mucociliary elevator), excretion of feces, flushing action of urine and tears, eyelids/eyelashes

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34
Q

microbiome function in innate immunity

A

resident microbiota occupy cellular binding sites and compete for available nutrients prevent early steps of pathogen attachment and proliferation required for the establishment of an infection

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35
Q

chemical defense types

A

chemicals and enzymes in bodily fluids, antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein mediators, cytokines, inflammation-eliciting mediators

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36
Q

chemical mediators definition/function

A

encompass a wide variety of substances found in various body fluids and tissues throughout the body that may work alone or in conjunction with each other to inhibit microbial colonization and infection

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37
Q

endogenous

A

chemical mediators produced by human body cells

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38
Q

exogenous

A

chemical mediators produced by certain microbes that are part of the microbiome

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39
Q

chemical and enzymatic mediators found in bodily fluids examples

A

sebum eaten by normal microbiota that produces oleic acid, saliva contains lactoperoxidase, mucus in esophagus contains lysozyme, acidity of urine, tears contain lysozyme and lactoferrin, earwax lowers pH, mucus contains lysozyme, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase

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40
Q

antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) definition

A

a special class of nonspecific cell derived mediators with broad spectrum antimicrobial properties

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41
Q

AMP function/mechanism

A

may induce cell damage by inflicting damage to membranes, destroying DNA and RNA, or interfering with cell-wall synthesis

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42
Q

defensins

A

family of AMPs that are produced by epithelial cells throughout the body as well as by macrophages and neutrophils and may be secreted or act inside host cells by disrupting their membranes

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43
Q

bacteriocins

A

family of AMPs produced exogenously by certain members of resident microbiota in gastrointestinal tract, and the genes are that encode for them are found on plasmids for HGT

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44
Q

plasma protein mediator types

A

acute-phase proteins, complement proteins, and cytokines that are all involved in innate immune response

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45
Q

acute phase proteins function

A

antimicrobial mediators that respond to inflammatory molecules from the immune system and inhibit or destroy microbes in some way

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46
Q

acute phase protein types

A

C-reactive protein, Serum amyloid A, Ferritin, transferrin, fibrinogen, and mannose-binding lectin

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47
Q

the complement system definition

A

a group of proteins found in bloodstream that are a part of the innate nonspecific immune defense and serve as a bridge connecting innate and adaptive immunity

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48
Q

complement activation definition

A

process by which circulating complement precursors become functional that can be triggered by three different pathways: alternative, classical, and lectin pathways

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49
Q

alternative pathway complement activation

A

initiated by spontaneous activation of C3: C3 hydrolyzes to produce C3a and C3b, C3b attaches to surface of invader microbes and recruit other complement proteins in a cascade

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50
Q

classical pathway complement activation

A

an antibody-antigen complex must form which activates the C1 complex and then the remaining classical pathway complement proteins are recruited and activated in a cascading sequence

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51
Q

lectin pathway complement activation

A

triggered by binding of mannose-binding lectin (acute phase protein) to carbohydrates on microbial surface

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52
Q

outcomes of complement activation

A

opsonization, inflammation, chemotaxis, and cytolysis

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53
Q

chemotaxis definition

A

migration of cells towards attractant chemicals

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54
Q

opsonization definition

A

coating of a pathogen by a chemical substance that allows phagocytic cells to recognize, engulf, and destroy it more easily

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55
Q

opsonins examples

A

complement proteins C1q, C3b, C4b; mannose-binding proteins; antibodies

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56
Q

anaphylatoxins definition

A

complement fragments C3a and C5a that activate mast cells, causing degranulation and release of inflammatory chemical signals

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57
Q

C5a attracts

A

neutrophils and other white blood cells

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58
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

C6, C7, C8, and C9 assemble into a MAC, which allows C9 to polymerize into pores in the membranes of gram- bacteria, leading to cell lysis

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59
Q

cytokine definition

A

soluble proteins that act as communication signals between cells

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60
Q

cytokine function in innate immunity

A

stimulate production of chemical mediators or other cell functions, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inhibition of cell division, apoptosis, and chemotaxis.

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61
Q

autocrine function of cytokines

A

same cell that releases the cytokine is the recipient of the signal, self-stimulation

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62
Q

paracrine function of cytokines

A

involves release of cytokines from one cell to other nearby cells, stimulating some response in the recipient cells

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63
Q

endocrine function in cytokines

A

occurs when cells release cytokines into the bloodstream to be carried away to target cells much further away

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64
Q

classes of cytokines

A

interleukins, chemokines, and interferons

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65
Q

interleukins function

A

involved in modulating almost every function of the immune system, produced by and stimulate a variety of cells unrelated to immune defenses

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66
Q

chemokines function

A

chemotactic factors that recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to site of infection, inflammation, and tissue damage

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67
Q

Interferons types

A

Type I interferons (interferon alpha and interferon beta), Type II interferons (interferon gamma)

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68
Q

Type I interferon function

A

produced and released by cells infected w/ virus, stimulate nearby cells to stop production of mRNA, destroy RNA already produced, and reduce protein synthesis. also stimulate immune cells to more aggressively attack virus-infected cells.

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69
Q

Type II interferon function

A

alerts neighboring immune cells to attack (activates immune cells)

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70
Q

inflammation-eliciting mediators examples

A

histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

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71
Q

histamine released by and cause

A

released by degranulation of mast cells and basophils, cause vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, increased secretion and mucus production

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72
Q

leukotrienes released by and cause

A

released by mast cells and promote inflammation which is stronger and longer lasting than histamine

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73
Q

prostaglandins released by and cause

A

cytokines stimulate their production, promotes inflammatory effects of histamines and promote inflammation and fever

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74
Q

formed elements definition/types

A

are all formed from the same stem cell in the bone marrow: red blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and white blood cells (leukocytes)

75
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

where all formed elements of blood are derived from

76
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of HSCs differentiating into different types of blood cells

77
Q

granulocyte definition

A

leukocyte that have numerous granules visible in their cytoplasm

78
Q

agranulocyte definition

A

leukocytes that lack granules

79
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells

80
Q

neutrophils function

A

involved in the elimination and destruction of extracellular bacteria, contain defensins that help them destroy bacteria through phagocytosis, capable of degranulation to clear infectious agents

81
Q

eosinophils function

A

protect against protozoa and helminths. granules contain histamine and major basic protein that binds to the surface of parasites, disrupting their cell membrane

82
Q

basophils function

A

important in allergic reactions and other responses involving inflammation. granules contain histamine and other chemical factors that are released when basophil is stimulated by complement proteins or assistance of antibodies

83
Q

mast cells function

A

function similarly to basophils except they are most frequently found residing in tissues rather than the bloodstream

84
Q

categories of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

85
Q

lymphocyte types

A

natural killer cells, B and T cells (adaptive immunity)

86
Q

monocyte types

A

macrophages, dendritic cells

87
Q

natural killer cell function

A

use nonspecific mechanisms to recognize and destroy abnormal cells

88
Q

NK cell activation

A

when MHC marker are diminished or absent, NK cell interprets it as an abnormality and binds to activating molecular molecules on target cells and destroys the cell

89
Q

major histocompatibility complex

A

molecular markers displayed on healthy cells as an indication of “self”

90
Q

activating molecular molecules function

A

infected cell display “altered” self or “non-self” molecules on cell surface for NK cells to recognize

91
Q

NK cell mechanisms to kill target

A

binds to target cell and expresses cytokine and cytotoxins to stimulate target cell into apoptosis or perforin-mediated cytotoxicity to induce apoptosis

92
Q

perforin-mediated cytotoxicity

A

NK cell releases perforin, creates pores in target cell, and granzymes, that enter into the pores and trigger a cascade of protein activation that leads to apoptosis

93
Q

monocytes function

A

effective phagocytes that engulf pathogens and apoptotic cells, release cytokines, and are an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

94
Q

monocyte differentiation definition

A

when they leave the bloodstream and enter a specific body tissue they differentiate into tissue specific phagocytes: macrophages and dendritic cells

95
Q

phagocyte definition

A

cells whose main function is to seek, ingest, and kill pathogens

96
Q

diapedesis process is

A

which leukocytes pass through walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues

97
Q

transendothelial migration

A

process in which leukocytes flatten and squeeze through a cellular junction to exit the bloodstream

98
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) definition

A

molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes that phagocytes can recognize

99
Q

common PAMPs

A

peptidoglycan, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides, nucleic acids (viral DNA or RNA)

100
Q

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

structures that allow phagocytic cells to detect PAMPs

101
Q

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

group of PRRs that bind to various PAMPs and communicate w/ nucleus of the phagocyte to elicit a response

102
Q

interaction between PAMPs and PRRs on macrophages activates phagocyte into state of

A

hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing

103
Q

phagocytosis

A

process by which a pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte

104
Q

phagosome

A

membrane vesicle; the phagocyte forms pseudopod around the pathogen and pinches it off

105
Q

phagolysosome

A

phagosome containing pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes

106
Q

enzymes and factors in phagocytosis that kill pathogens

A

low pH, lysozyme, phospholipase, proteases, and respiratory burst enzymes

107
Q

respiratory burst (process)

A

phagocytes increase their uptake and consumption of oxygen to produce ROS that are antibacterial (can be released into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally)

108
Q

exocytic vescile

A

what leftover waste products from pathogen degradation are excreted from the cell in

109
Q

inflammation triggered by

A

a cascade of chemical mediators and cellular responses that may occur when cells are damaged or stressed or when pathogen successfully breach the physical barriers of the innate immune system

110
Q

inflammation function

A

recruits cellular defenses needed to eliminate pathogens, remove damaged and dead cells, and initiate repair mechanisms

111
Q

five observable signs associated w/ inflammatory response

A

erythema (redness), edema, heat, pain, and altered function

112
Q

acute inflammation

A

early/immediate response to tissue injury. vasoconstriction/vasodilation

113
Q

chronic inflammation

A

when acute inflammation is unable to clear pathogen; an ongoing lower level battle between host organism and pathogen

114
Q

granulomas

A

pockets of infected tissue walled off and surrounded by WBCs

115
Q

fever

A

an inflammatory response that extends beyond the site of the infection and affects the entire body, resulting in an overall increase in body temperature

116
Q

fever activation

A

bacterial and viral infections produce pyrogens which stimulate hypothalamus to increase body temp

117
Q

pyrogens

A

chemicals that stimulate increase in body temp that may be endogenous or exogenous

118
Q

fever function

A

stimulate leukocytes to kill pathogens, temps inhibit growth of pathogens, starve iron-dependent microbes

119
Q

superantigens

A

bacterial or viral proteins that can cause an excess activation of T cells and an excessive release of cytokines that overstimulates the inflammatory response

120
Q

disease definition

A

any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired

121
Q

causes for disease

A

infection by a pathogen, genetics, noninfectious environmental factors, or inappropriate immune responses

122
Q

infection definition

A

successful colonization of a host microorganism

123
Q

signs of disease definition

A

objective and measurable, directly observed by a clinician

124
Q

signs of disease examples

A

body temp, heart rate, breath rate, and blood pressure

125
Q

symptoms of disease definition

A

subjective, felt or experienced by patient but not clinically confirmed or objectively measured

126
Q

syndrome definition

A

specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease

127
Q

asymptomatic or subclinical disease definition

A

disease that do not present any noticeable signs or symptoms

128
Q

morbidity definition

A

number of cases of a disease

129
Q

mortality definition

A

number of deaths due to a disease

130
Q

infectious disease definition

A

any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen

131
Q

noncommunicable disease definition

A

disease not spread from one person to another

132
Q

communicable disease definition

A

capable of being spread person-to-person through direct or indirect mechanisms

133
Q

contagious disease definition

A

disease easily spread from person-to-person

134
Q

iatrogenic disease definition

A

diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure

135
Q

nosocomial disease definition

A

diseases acquired in hospital settings

136
Q

zoonotic disease definition

A

disease that occurs when a pathogen is transferred from an animal to a human

137
Q

noninfectious disease definition

A

those not caused by pathogens but caused by genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction

138
Q

five periods of disease

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

139
Q

period of convalescence

A

host generally returns to normal function

140
Q

incubation peroid

A

initial entry of pathogen into host, pathogen begins multiplying in host but has insufficient numbers to cause signs and symptoms

141
Q

prodromal period

A

pathogen continues to multiply and host beings to experience general signs and symptoms of nonspecific illness

142
Q

period of illness

A

host’s signs and symptoms are most severe

143
Q

period of decline

A

number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and signs and symptoms begin to decline, patients may be susceptible to developing secondary infection

144
Q

primary pathogen definition

A

cause disease in host regardless of host’s resident microbiota or immune system

145
Q

opportunistic pathogen definition

A

can only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses; protective barriers, immune system, or normal microbiota

146
Q

stages of pathogenesis

A

to cause disease a pathogen must achieve: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection

147
Q

portal specificity

A

most pathogens are suited for a particular portal of entry

148
Q

most important portal of entry for pathogens

A

mucosal surfaces (eyes, nose, mouth, urethra, anus)

149
Q

to cause disease a pathogen must be able to:

A

gain entry to the host, travel to the location where it can establish an infection, evade or overcome the host’s immune response, and cause damage (disease) to the host

150
Q

exposure

A

an encounter with a pathogen

151
Q

portal of entry

A

an anatomic site at which pathogens can pass into host tissue and are in direct contact w/ the external environment

152
Q

parenteral route of entry

A

pathogens that enter through a breach in protective barriers of skin and mucous membranes

153
Q

invasion

A

involves the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or the body

154
Q

inflammation occurs when

A
155
Q

TORCH definition

A

pathogens that can cross the placental barrier: toxoplasmosis (T), HIV/chickenpox/syphilis (O), rubella (R), cytomegalovirus (C), herpes (H)

156
Q

adhesion definition

A

refers to the capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors

157
Q

Infection

A

successful multiplication of pathogen leads to infection

158
Q

adhesins

A

molecules (proteins or carbs) that are found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors (glycoproteins) on host cells

159
Q

first method of endocytosis (membrane ruffling)

A

effector proteins are secreted by pathogen that cause protrusion of membrane ruffles that bring the bacterial cell in

160
Q

second method of endocytosis

A

surface proteins expressed on the pathogen bind to receptors on the host cell, resulting in entry

161
Q

local infection definition

A

confined to a small area of the body, typically near the portal of entry

162
Q

focal infection definition

A

a localized pathogen, or the toxin it produces, spreads to a secondary location

163
Q

virulence factors definition

A

factors that determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause

164
Q

systemic infection definition

A

when an infection becomes disseminated throughout the body

165
Q

bacteremia definition

A

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

166
Q

portal of exit

A

site where pathogen exits body to transmit to a new host

167
Q

Opa proteins

A

adhesion factor that aids the pili in adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells in the lining of the genital tract (N. gonorrhoeae)

168
Q

common portals of exit

A

skin, respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal tracts, excretions, blood

169
Q

types of virulence factors

A

adhesion factors, exoenzymes and toxins, factors for survival and immune evasion

170
Q

pyemia definition

A

bacteremia involving pyogens (pus forming bacteria)

171
Q

viremia definition

A

presences of viruses in the blood

172
Q

toxemia definition

A

describes the condition when toxins are found in the blood

173
Q

septicemia definition

A

bacteria are both present and multiplying in the blood

174
Q

four examples of A-B exotoxin

A

diphtheria, cholera, botulinum, and tetanus toxins

175
Q

membrane disrupting toxins function

A

form pores or disrupt the phospholipid bilayer in host cell membranes

176
Q

examples of membrane disrupting toxins

A

hemolysins and leukocidins

177
Q

streptolysins

A

hemolysins that bind to cholesterol in host cell membrane to form a pore

178
Q

beta hemolysis

A

complete lysis of blood cells on blood agar plate

179
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

partial lysis of blood cells, more accurately a bruising of blood cell membranes on blood agar plate

180
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

no lysis, no effect on red blood cells

181
Q

phospholipases

A

membrane-disrupting toxins that degrade the phospholipid bilayer of membranes instead of forming pores

182
Q

cytokine storm

A

excessive production of cytokines induced by superantigens, elicits a strong immune and inflammatory response that can cause life-threatening high fevers, low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, shock, and death

183
Q

virulence factors for immune evasion

A

capsules, production of proteases to attack antibodies to prevent phagocytosis, fimbriae, mycolic acid (acid-fast), and antigenic variation

Cats (6 decks)

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